Sinop Müzesi’nden Bir Grup Roma Amphorası Üzerinden MÖ 1. Yüzyıl - MS 7. Yüzyıl Arası Karadeniz Ticaretine Genel Bir Bakış

Billur TEKKÖK-KARAÖZ - Babür Mehmet AKARSU - Deniz TAMER - Ebru TAMER

Arkhaia Anatolika 7. Sayı

Geliş Tarihi : 25.03.2024 | Kabul Tarihi : 24.08.2024

DOI : 10.32949/Arkhaia.2024.65 | Yayın Tarihi : 14.10.2024 16:43:29

Öz

Bu makale Sinop Müzesi’nde bulunan Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait ithal amphoraların tipolojik çalışması ile Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki ticari hareketin amphora dağılımı üzerinden değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Denizden ya da temel sondaj kazılarından bulunmuş olup Sinop Müzesi’ne satın alma yoluyla kazandırılan Roma Dönemi’ne ait 35 adet ithal ticari amphora, Karadeniz kıyılarının ticari potansiyelinin ve bu potansiyelin kronolojik açıdan öneminin göstergesidir. Karadeniz kıyılarının antik dönemdeki ticari hareketliliğinin ve deniz ticaret rotasının, makale kapsamında incelenen amphora buluntuları yoluyla izlenebilmesi oldukça önemlidir. Türkiye müzelerinde yer alan amphoraların bilim dünyasına sunulması, bölgelerin ekonomik tarihi açısından oldukça önem taşımaktadır. Bilimsel kazılar dışında bulunmuş olan bu eserler Akdeniz-Karadeniz-Ege-Doğu Akdeniz ticareti bağlamında Anadolu Yarımadası’nın rolünü değerlendirmek açısından oldukça önemlidir. Çalışma kapsamında Brindisi, Sicilya Boru Tipi (Scilian Tubular), Dressel 1, Lamboglia II, Havuç Formlu, Dressel 2-4, Geç Rhodos, Dressel 24 similis, Kapitän II, Zemer 41, Augst 46, Geç Roma 1 (LRA 1), Geç Roma 2 (LRA 2) ve Geç Roma 4 (LRA 4) amphoraları incelenmiştir. Roma İmparatorluk sınırlarının Levant Bölgesi’ne ulaşması ile birlikte Doğu Akdeniz dünyasında görülen değişimin Karadeniz Bölgesi’ne de yansıması, Akdeniz Bölgesi ile olan sıkı ticari bağların bir sonucudur. Ayrıca Roma hâkimiyetiyle birlikte birçok yeni şehrin ve var olan şehirlerde ise sivil ya da askeri koloninin kurulması, Roma amphora tiplerinin Karadeniz’de görülmesiyle yakından ilişkilidir. Antik Sinope’nin MÖ 8. yüzyıldan itibaren aktif bir deniz rotası üzerinde yer aldığı bilinmektedir. Makale kapsamında değerlendirilen amphoralar ile kentin Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde de bu önemini devam ettirdiği görülmektedir.

Antik Kaynaklar

App. Mithr. (Appianus, Mithridateios) Appian’s Roman History. With an English translation by H. White I-IV. Cambridge, Mass.-London 1912-1913 (The Loeb Classical Library).

Diod. Bibl. (Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheke) Historike Diodorus of Sicily. With an English translation by R. M. Geer. London, New York 1947 (The Loeb Classical Library).

Cass. Dio. (Cassius Dio, Rhomaika) Dio’s Roman History, Vol. VIII. Books 61-72, translation by Earnest Cary, Loeb Classical Library, William Heinmann, Ltd, London 1925.

Hdt. (Herodotos, Historiae) Herodotus. The Persian Wars. With an English translation by A. D. Godley I-IV. London, New York 1975 (The Loeb Classical Library).

Plin. nat. (Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historia) Pliny Natural History. With an English translation by H. R. Rackham, W. H. S. Jones, D. E. Eichholz I-X. Cambridge, Mass.-London 1938-1971 (The Loeb Classical Library).

Plut. Luc. (Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralleloi; Lucullus) Plutarch. Lives, Volume II: Themistocles and Camillus. Aristides and Cato Major. Cimon and Lucullus. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1914 (Loeb Classical Library).

Plut. Per. (Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralleloi; Perikles) Plutarch. Lives, Volume III: Pericles and Fabius Maximus. Nicias and Crassus. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1916 (Loeb Classical Library).

Plut. Pomp. (Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralleloi; Pompeius) Plutarch. Lives, Volume V: Agesilaus and Pompey. Pelopidas and Marcellus. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1917 (Loeb Classical Library).

Prok. Aed. (Prokopios, de Aedificiis) Procopius. On Buildings. General Index. Translated by H. B. Dewing, Glanville Downey. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1940 (Loeb Classical Library). Procopius Caesariensis, De Aedificiis. Ed. J. Haury. Leipzig, Teubner 1905-1913.

Strab. (Strabon, Geographika) The Geography of Strabo. With an English translation by H. L. Jones I-VIII. London, New York 1917-1932 (The Loeb Classical Library).

Hier. Syn. (Hierocles, Synecdemvs: accedvnt fragmenta apvd Constantinvm Porphyrogennetvm servata et nomina vrbivm mvtat). Ed. A. Burckhardt, Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana, Leipzig, 1893.

 

Modern Kaynaklar

Akarsu, B.M. 2017. “Sinope Natural Harbor.” Current Researches in Geography, Eds. H. Arslan, M.A. İçbay ve K. Stoychev, 39-48. Bialystok: International Association of Social Science Research (IASSR) Publications.

Akarsu, B.M. ve R.Y. Tarakçı. 2019. “Sunken Wrecks of Sinop and Tourism.” International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences (IJOSES) 10(38): 1032-1046.

Akkaş, İ. 2016. “Parion Tiyatrosu Ticari Amphora Buluntuları.” Parion Roma Tiyatrosu, Eds. C. Başaran ve H.E. Ergürer, 165-178. Ankara: İçdaş Inc. Press.

Akkaş, İ. 2020. “Parion Yamaç Hamamı Ticari Amphora Buluntuları (MÖ 1. yüzyıl-MS 7. yüzyıl).” Arkhaia Anatolika 3: 178-243.

Akşit, O. 1976, 1985. Roma İmparatorluk Tarihi: (M.Ö. 27 – M.S. 192). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları.

Akurgal, E. 1955. Zwei Grabstelen vorklassischer Zeit aus Sinope. Berlin: W. De. Gruyter.

Akurgal, E. 1956. “Sinop Kazıları.” Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 6(1): 47-61.

Akurgal, E. ve L. Budde. 1956. Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Sinope. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.

Alekseeva, E.M. 1997. Antichnyy gorod Gorgippiya (The ancient city of Gorgippia). Moscow: Editorial URSS.

Alpözen, T.O. 1975. “Bodrum Müzesi Ticari Amphoraları.” Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi XXII(2): 5-32.

Anderson-Stojanović, V.R. 1992. Stobi: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Antonova, I.A., V.N. Danilenko, L.P. Ivasuta, V.I. Kadeev ve A.I. Romancuc. 1971. “Srednevekovie amfori Khersonesa.” Antichnaya drevnost’ i srednie veka (ADSV) 4: 81-101.

Arsenieva, T.M. ve S.A. Naumenko. 1994. “Kompleks nakhodok iz podvala M” II-III vv.n.e..” Vestnik Tanaisa 1: 61-113.

Arthur, P. 1989. “Aspects of Byzantine Economy: An Evaluation of Amphora Evidence from Italy.” BCH Supplement XVIII: 81-91.

Arthur, P. 1998. “Eastern Mediterranean Amphorae between 500 and 700: A View From Italy.” Ceramica in Italia: 6-7 Secolo. Atti Del Convegno in Onore di John W. Hayes, Ed. L. Sagui, 157-184. Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio.

Aslan, E., L.U. Erdoğan, U. Orhan ve Y. Kılıç. 2018. “Kekova’da Bulunan Bir Grup Rhodos Amphorası.” Cedrus VI: 249-263.

Astakhov, I.A. 2021. “Changes in the Ethnic Picture and Its Impact on the Internal Political Situation in the Bosporus After Rheskuporis VI.” Laplage em Revista (International) 7: 245-252.

Autret, C. 2012. “Cyprus and Cilicia: Amphora Production, Trade and Relations in the Early Roman Era.” Cyprus an Island Culture society ans Social Relations from the Bronze Age to the Venetian Period, Ed. A. Georgiou, 252-267. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Autret, C., R. Yağcı, ve N. Rauh. 2010. “Soli/Pompeiopolis’te LRA 1 Amphora Fırını Alanı.” ANMED 8: 203-207.

Badescu, A. 2013. “Amfore orientale de tip Kapitän II descoperite la Histria în Sectorul Basilica extra muros.” Materıale Şı Cercetărı Arheologıce (serie nouă) IX: 189–198.

Badescu, A. ve A. Bivolaru. 2015. “Oriental amphorae discovered at Histria in The Acropolis Centre-South Sector (2014).” Materıale Şı Cercetărı Arheologıce (serie nouă) XI: 193-208.

Bass, G.F. 1982. “The Pottery.” Yassı Ada, Volume I, A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck, Eds. G.F. Bass ve F.H. van Doorninck, 155-188. Texas: Texas A&M University Press.

Belke, K. 1996. TIB Paphlagonien: Tabula Imperii Byzantini 9: Paphlagonien und Honorias. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Beltrán-Lloris, M. 1970. Las Ánforas R omanas en España. Zaragoza: Excma.

Bezeczky, T. 2013. The Amphorae of Roman Ephesus, Forschungen in Ephesos XV/1. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Bjelajac, L. 1996. Amfore gornjomezijskog Podunavlja (Amphorae of the Danubian basin in Upper Moesia). Beograd: Arheološki Institut.

Bondoc, D. 2016. “Roman Amphorae from Slaveni, Olt County, Romania.” Arheologia Moldovei XXXIX: 215-229.

Bonifay, M. ve D. Piéri. 1995. “Amphores du Ve au VIIe s. à Marseille: Nouvelles données sur la typologie et le contenu.” JRA 8: 94-120.

Bonin, A.V. 2019. Sel’skiye poseleniya Bospora I v. do n.e. – serediny II v. n.e.: voprosy khronologii. Moscow: Institut Arkheologii Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk.

Botte, E. 2012. “L’exportation du thon sicilien à l’époque tardo-républicaine.” Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome – Antiquité 124(2): 577-612.

Botte, E. 2018. “Fish Processing in Italy and Sicily During Antiquity.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology 13(3): 377-387.

Boysal, Y. 1958. “Sinop’un En Eski Buluntuları ve Kolonizasyonu Hakkında.” Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 8: 23-29.

Böttger, B. 1990. “Zur Lebensmittelversorgung des niedermösischen Kastells Iatrus (4-6. Jh.).” Akten des 14. internationalen Limeskongresses 1986 in Carnuntum, Eds. H. Vetters ve M. Kandler, 925-930. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Brunt, P.A. 1984. “The Role of the Senate in the Augustan Regime. The Classical Quarterly.” The Classical Quarterly 34, no. 2 (1984): 423–44.

Bryer, A. ve D. Winfield. 1985. The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos. Vol. I-II. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Pub Service.

Burragato, F., M. Nezza, A. Ferrazzoli, ve M. Ricci. 2007. “Late Roman 1 Amphora Types Produced at Elaiussa Sebaste.” LRCW 2 Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry, Eds. M. Bonifay ve J. C. Treglia, 689-700. BAR-International Series 1662. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Carre, M.B. 1985. “Les amphores de la Cisalpine et de l’Adriatique au début de l’empire.” MÉFRA 97: 207–245.

Carreras-Monfort, C. ve D.F. Williams. 2002. “‘Carrot’ amphoras: a Syrian or Palestinian connection?.” The Roman and Byzantine Near East (3)49: 133-144.

Casson, L. 1994. Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times. London: British Museum Press.

Cintas, P. 1950. Céramique Punique. Paris: Institut des Hautes- Études de Tunis.

Cipriano, M.T. 1994. “La raccolta dei bolli sulle anfore italiche trovate in Italia.” Epigrafia della produzione della distribuzione, Actes de la VIIe Rencontre franco-italienne sur l’épigraphie du monde romain, Rome 5 – 6 juin 1992, 205–218. Rome: l’École Française de Rome.

Cipriano M.T. ve M.B. Carre. 1989. “Production et typologie des amphores sur la côte Adriatique de l’Italie.” Amphores romaines et histoire économique: dix ans de recherche. Actes du colloque de Sienne (22-24 mai 1986). Collection de l’École Française de Rome, 114: 67-104. Roma: l’École Française de Rome.

Crow, J. ve S. Hill. 1995. “The Byzantine Fortifications of Amastris in Paphlagonia.” AnatSt 45: 251-265.

Cumont, F. ve E. Cumont. 1906. Voyage d’explaration archaeologique dans le Pot et la Petite Armenie Sudia Pontica 2. Brussels: Lamertin.

Dalby, A. 2003. Food in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge.

Daszkiewicz, M., E. Bobryk, P. Dyczek ve G. Schneider. 2000. “Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Roman Amphorae from Novae and Some Other Sites in Bulgaria-First Results.” Novensia 12: 23-41.

Demircioğlu, H. 1970. “Roma Devletinin Eyalet (Provincia) Sistemi Hakkında.” Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 5(8): 443-459.

Desbat, A. ve M. Picon. 1986. “Les importations d’amphores de Méditerranée orientale à Lyon (fin du Ier siècle avant J.C. et Ier siècle après).” Recherches sur les amphores grecques, Eds. J.-Y. Empereur ve Y. Garlan, BCH Suppl. XIII: 637–468. Athena: École Française D’Athénes.

Doğer, E. ve A.K. Şenol. 1997. “Rhodos Peraiasinda İki Yeni Amphora Atölyesi.” Arkeoloji Dergisi IV: 59-73.

Drakoulis, D.P. 2012. “Regional Transformations and The Settlement Network Of The Coastal Pontic Provinces In The Early Byzantine Period.” The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity Aspects of Archaeology and Ancient History, Ed. G.R. Tsetskhladze 79-95. BAR- International Series 2432. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Dressel, H. 1899. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, XV, 2. Inscriptiones Urbis Romae Latinae. Instrumentum domesticum. Partis posterioris fasciculus I. Berlin: G. Reimerum.

Dyczek, P. 2001. Roman Amphorae of the 1st-3rd Centuries AD found on the Lower Danube: Typology. Warszawskiego: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.

Dyczek, P. 2007. “Late Roman amphorae from the site of Valetudinarium at Novael.” LRCW 2 Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry, Eds. M. Bonifay ve J.C. Tréglia, 827-834. BAR-International Series 1662. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Dyczek, P. 2010. “Kapitän II From Novae-Between East and West.” LRCW 3, Archaeology and Archaeometry. Comparision between Western and EasternMediterranean, Eds. S. Menchelli, S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci ve G. Guiducci, 993-999. BAR-International Series 2185. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Empereur, J.Y. ve A. Hesnard. 1987. “Les amphores Hellénistiques.” Céramiques Hellénistiques et Romaines II: 9-70.

Empereur, J.Y. ve M. Picon. 1989. “Les regions de production d’amphores impériales en Méditerranée Orientale.” Publications de l’École française de Rome 114: 223-248.

Ferrazzoli A.F. ve M. Ricci. 2010. “Un Centro di Produzione delle Anfore LR 1: Elaiussa Sebaste in Cilicia. Gli Impianti, Le Anfore.” LRCW 3, Archaeology and Archaeometry. Comparision between Western and Eastern Mediterranean, Eds. S. Menchelli, S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci ve G. Guiducci, 815-819. BAR-International Series 2185. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Finkielsztejn, G. 2001. Chronologie détaillée et révisée des éponymes amphoriques rhodiens, de 270 à 108 av. J.-C. environ: premier bilan. BAR-International Series 990. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Franke, P.R. ve I. Marathaki. 1999. Wine and Coins in Ancient Greece. Athens: Hatzimichalis Estate.

Freed, J. 1989. “Late stamped Dressel 2/4 amphoras from a deposit dated post 200 A.D. at Villa site 10 on the Via Gabina.” Publications de l’École française de Rome 114, Amphores Romaines et Histoire Economique, Dix ans de recherche, Actes du colloque de Sienne (22-24 mai 1986), 616- 617. Rome: École Française de Rome.

French, D. 1990. “Sinopean Notes 1.” Epigraphica Anatolica 16: 45-64.

French, D. 1991. “Sinopean Notes 1.” Epigraphica Anatolica 18: 141-156.

Gaidukevich, V.F. 1958. “Raskopki Tiritaki I Mirmekiya V 1946—1952 gg.” Materialy i issledovanija po archeologii SSSR 85: 149-218.

Gerousi, E. 2014. “A Late Roman Workshop at Dilesi in Boeotia.” LRCW 4: Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry: The Mediterranean: A Market Without Frontiers, Eds. N. Poulou-Papadimitriou, E. Nodarou ve V. Kilikoglou, 193–202. BAR-International Series 2616(I). Oxford: Archaeopress.

Ghiţa, C.E. 2010. “Achaemenid and Greco - Macedonian Inheritances in the Semi - Hellenised Kingdoms of Eastern Asia Minor.” Ph.D. diss, University of Exeter.

Golofast, L.A. 2010. “Amfornaia tara iz raskopok zol’nika rimskogo vremeni u podnozhiia gory         Mitridat v Kerchi.” Materialy po arkheologii, istorii i etnografii Tavrii 16 Simferopol, Eds. A. I. Aĭbabin, 82-139. Moscow: Nauka Publishing.

Görkay, K. 2020. “Corinthian, Attic Black Figure and Red Figure Pottery From Sinope.” Anatolia 46: 347-453.

Grace, V.R. 1971. “Samian Amphoras.” Hesperia 40(1): 52-95.

Guasch, R.P. 1971. “Consideraciones sobre un nuevo tipo de ánfora.” Pyrenae 7: 165-173.

Hammond, N.G.L. 1959. A History of Greece to 332 B.C. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hawkes, C.F.C. ve M.R. Hull. 1947. Camulodunum. Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London. London: Society of Antiquaries.

Hayes, J.W. 1991. Paphos III. The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery. Nicosia: Imprinta Ltd.

Hayes, J.W. 1997. Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. London: University of Oklahoma Press.

Heath, S. ve B. Tekkök, Eds. (2006-2009). Greek, Roman and Byzantine Pottery at Ilion (Troia) http://classics.uc.edu/troy/grbpottery/ Erişim 29.2.2024

Inadze, M. 1962. “Savachro urtiertobata istoriidan dzvel kolkhetshi (A Contribution to the History of Trade in Ancient Colchis).” Kavkasiur-Abhloaghmosavluri krebuli, II: 81-124.

Inaishvili, N. ve N. Vashakidze. 2009. “Typology and Cronology of Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine Amphorae from Petra-Tsikhisdziri.” PATABS I. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea: Actes de la Table Ronde internationale de Batoumi et Trabzon, 27−29 Avril 2006, Eds. D. Kassab-Tezgör ve N. Inaishvili, 151-152. Paris: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes.

Işık, A. 2001. Antik Kaynaklarda Karadeniz Bölgesi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.

Jacobson, A.L. 1970. Rannesrednevekovye selskie poselenija jugo-zapadnoj Tavriki. (Materialy i issledovanija po arheologii SSSR; No. 168): Leningrad: Nauka Publishing.

Jacobson, A.L. 1979. Keramika i keramicheskoe proizvodstvo srednevekovoi Tavriki. Leningrad: Nauka Publishing.

Jones, A.H.M. 1964. The Later Roman Empire, 284- 602: A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey, 3 vols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Kakhidze, E. 2008. “Apsaros: A Roman Fort in Southwestern Georgia.” Pottery, People, and Places: Study and Interpretation of Late Hellenistic Pottery BSS 16, Eds. P. Guldager-Bilde ve M. L. Lawall, 303-332. Arhus: Aarhus University Press.

Kallet-Marx, R.M. 1995. Hegemony to Empire: The Development of the Roman Imperium in the East from 148 to 62 B.C. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kapitän, G. 1972. “Le anfore del relitto romano di Capo Ognina (Siracusa).” Recherches sur les Amphores Romaines Collection de L’École Française de Rome 10, Eds. P. Baldacci, G. Kapitän, N. Lamboglia, C. Panella, E. Rodriguez-Almeida, B. Sciarra, A. Tchernia ve F. Zevi, 243-252. Roma: l’École Française de Rome.

Karagiorgou, O. 2001. “LR2: A Container fot the Miliitary Annona on the Danubian Border?.” Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean During Late Antiquity, Eds. D. Kingsley ve M. Decker, 129-166. Oxford: Oxbow.

Kaya, M.A. 2005. “Anadolu’da Roma Eyaletleri Sınırlar ve Roma Yönetimi.” Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi XXIV(38): 11-30.

Keay, S.J. 1984. Late Roman Amphorae in the Western Mediterranean. A Typoloy and Economic Study, The Catalan Evidence. BAR-International Series 196. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Khalvashi, M. 2009. “Roman Amphorae from Gonio-Apsarus.” PATABS I. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea: Actes de la Table Ronde internationale de Batoumi et Trabzon 27−29 Avril 2006 Varia Anatolica XXI, Eds. D. Kassab-Tezgör ve N. Inaishvili, 33-34. Paris: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes.

Kırkanlı, E. 2021. “1977-1988 Erythrai Kazıları Ticari Amphora Buluntuları.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.

Kırkanlı, E. 2022. “Erythrai Roma İmparatorluk ve Erken Bizans Amphoraları (1977-1988 Kazıları).” SRMKA Seramik Araştırmaları Dergisi 4: 100-167.

Kızılarslanoğlu, A. 2016. “Antik Çağ’da Elaiussa Sebaste’nin Amphora Üretimi ve Ticari İlişkiler.” Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi.

Kızılarslanoğlu, A. 2019. “Elaiussa Sebaste’den Kos Origin Sorunsallı Dressel (DR) 2-4 Amphoraları.” Cevat Başaran’a 60. Yaş Armağanı, Eds. V. Keleş, H. Kasapoğlu, H.E. Ergürer, E. Çelikbaş, A. Yılmaz, 39-70. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları. 

Kızılarslanoğlu, A. 2023. “Antiochia ad Cragum, Pinched Handle / Zemer 41 / Agora M239 Amphora Üretimi: Tipolojik Özellikleri ve Varyasyonları.” Sosyal Bilimlerde Güncel Tartışmalar 14, Ed. M. Bulunt, 1674-1705. Ankara: Bidge Yayınları.

Kirwan, L.P. 1938. “The Pottery.” The Royal Tombs of Ballana and Qustul, Eds. W. B. Emery ve L.P. Kirwan, 286- 391. Egypt: Government Press.

Klenina, E. 2010. “Trade Relations Between The Mediterranean and The Black Sea Region In The 3rd–6th Centuries A.D. The Light Of Ceramic Artifacts.” LRCW 3, Archaeology and Archaeometry. Comparision between Western and Eastern Mediterranean. BAR-International Series 2185 (II), Eds. S. Menchelli, S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci ve G. Guiducci, 1005-1014. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Klenina, E. 2015. “Amphorae of the 1st century BC-4th century AD from Chersonesos Taurica: the issue of trade relations.” Per Terram, Per Mare. Seaborne Trade and the Distribution of Roman Amphorae in the Mediterranean, Ed. S. Demesticha, 79-97. Uppsala: Åströms Förlag.

Koçak, Ö. 2006. “Eskiçağ’da Orta Karadeniz Bölümü Madenciliği.” Karadeniz Araştırmaları Sempozyum Bildirileri, Eds. D.B. Erciyas ve E. Koparal, 1-38. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.

Kovalecskaja, L. ve T. Sarnowski. 2003. “La Vaisselle des Habitant’sd’une Maison Rurale de l’époque Romaine dans la Chora de Chersonése Tarurique.” RCRFActa 38: 229-235.

Krapivina, V. 2009. “Amphorae of the 3rd-4th Centuries A.D. in Olbia Pontica.” PATABS I. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea: Actes de la Table Ronde internationale de Batoumi et Trabzon, 27−29 Avril 2006, Eds. D. Kassab-Tezgör ve N. Inaishvili, 69-73. Paris: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes.

Kuzmanov, G. 1973. “Typologie et chronologie des amphores de la Haute époque Byzantine.” Archeologija: 14-21.

Kuzmanov, G. 1985. Céramique de la Haute Épaque Byzantine provenant de Thrace et de Dacie (IVe – le début du VIIe S.). Sofia: Bŭlgarska Akademija na Naukite.

Lamboglia, N. 1952. “La nave romana di Albenga.” Riv. Studi Liguri 18: 131–203.

Lamboglia, N. 1955. “Sulla cronologia delle anfore romane de età republicana.” RSTLig: 252-260.

Landgraf, J. 1980. “La Céramique Byzantine.” Tell Keisan(1971-1976): une cité phenicienne en Galilée, Eds. J. Briend ve J.B. Humbert, 51-88. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Lazarov, M. 1973. “Amphores antiques (VIe Ier s.av.n.ère) du littoral Bulgare de la mer Noire.” Bulletin du Musée National de Varna 9: 3-52.

Lejpunskaja, N. A. 2009. “Hellenistic Amphorae from Olbia Pontica.” PATABS I. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea: Actes de la Table Ronde internationale de Batoumi et Trabzon, 27−29 Avril 2006, Eds. D. Kassab-Tezgör ve N. Inaishvili, 63-68. Paris: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes.

Levick, R. 1967. Roman Colonies in Southem Asia Minor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Loeschcke, S. 1942. “Die römische und die belgische keramik.” Das Römerlager in Oberaden und das Uferkastell in Beckinghausen an der Lippe, Ed. C. Albrecht, 11.2. Dortmund: Verlag Fr. Wilh. Ruhfus.

Lund, J. 2000. “The Pinched-Handle Transport Amphorae as evidence of the Wine Trade of Roman Cyprus.” International Congress of Cypriot Studies, Ed. G. K. Ioannidis ve S. Chatzistylliss, 565-578. Nicosa: Society of Cypriot Studies.

Lund, J. 2011. “Rhodian Transport Amphorae as a Source for Economic Ebbs and Flows in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Century BC.” The Economies of Hellenistic Societies, Third to First Centuries B.C., Eds. Z. H. Archibald, J. K. Davies ve V. Gabrielsen, 280-205. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Macro, A. D. 1980. “The Cities of Asia Minor Under the Roman Imperium.” Halbband Politische Geschichte (Provinzen und Randvölker: Griechischer Balkanraum; Kleinasien Band 7/2, Ed. H. Temporini, 659-695. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Magie, D. 1950. Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To The End Of The Third Century After Christ. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Majcherek, G. 1995. “Gazan amphorae: typology reconsidered.” Hellenistic and Roman pottery in the Eastern Mediterranean-Advances in Scientific Studies, Acts of the II Nieborow Pottery Workshop, Eds. H. Meyza ve J. Mlynarczyk, 163-178. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences.

Mana, J.M. 1951. “Sobre tipología de ánforas púnicas.” Crónica del VI Congresso de Arqueologia de Sudeste: 203-210.

Manacorda, D. 1975. “Proposta per Una Identificazione Dell’Anfora Dressel 24.” ArchCl XXVII: 378-383.

Manacorda, D. 1990. “Le fornaci di Visellio a Brindisi: primi risultati dello scavo.” Vetera Christianorum: 375-415.

Manning, S.W., S.J. Monks, D.A. Sewell, ve S. Demesticha. 2000. “Late Roman 1a amphora production at the Roman site of Zygi-Petrini, Cyprus.” RDAC: 233-257.

Marek, C. 2003. Bithynia et Pontus. Berlin: Von Zabern.

Martin-Kilcher, S. 1994. Die Römischen Amphoren aus Augst und Kaiseraygst. Die Amphoren für Wein, Fischauce, Südfrüchte (Gruppen 2-24) und Gesamtauswertung, FiA 7/2-3, Augst. Basel: Schwabe & Co. AG. Muttenz.

Matiashvili, N. 2004. “The Red-Gloss Pottery from Vani in Colchis.” Pontus and the Outside World. Studies in Black Sea History, Historiography and Archaeology Colloquia Pontica, 9, Ed. C. J. Tuplin, 121-130, Leiden: Brill. 

Mayerson, P. 1985. “The wine and vineyards of Gaza in Byzantine period.” BASOR 257: 75-80.

Mayerson, P. 1991. “The Gaza ‘wine’ jar (gazition) and the ‘lost’ Ashkelon jar (askalonion).” IEJ 42: 76-80.

Meriç, R. 2002. Spathellenistisch-Römische Keramik und Kleifunde aus Einem Schachtbrunnen am Staatsmarkt. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

 Millar, F. 1966. “The Emperor, the Senate and the Provinces.” JRS 56(1-2): 156-166.

Miller, K. 1916. Itineraria Romana. Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana. 2. Ausg. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder.

Mitford, T.B. 1980. “Cappadocia and Armenia Minor: Historical Setting of the Limes.” Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II.13, Eds. H. Temporini ve W. Haase, 1169-1228. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.

Naumenko, S.A. 2012. “Sostav Amfor V Zakiytykh Kompleksakh Tanaisa Kontsa I –Serediny III VV. N. E.” Journal of Tanais 3: 63-88.

Naumenko, S.A. 2013. “Trade Relations Between Tanais and the Pontic Region.” The Bosporus: Gateway between the Ancient West and East (1st Millenium BC–5th Century AD, Eds. G. R. Tsetskhladze, S. Atasoy, A. Avram, Ş. Dönmez ve J. Hargrave, 103-108. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Negru, M., A. Badescu ve R. Avram. 2003. “Kapitän II Amphorae in Roman Dacia.” RCRFActa 38: 209-214.

Oelmann, F. 1914. Materialien, zur römisch-germanischen Keramik. Frankfurt: Römisch-Germanische Kommission RGK.

Oktan, M. 2008. “Roma Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde Pontos’da Yapılan Düzenlemeler.” Anatolia 34: 47-75.

Olshausen, E. 1980. “Pontos und Rom (63 v. Chr.–64 n. Chr.).” Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, II.7.2, 903-912. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.

Opait, A. 1980. “Consideraţii preliminare asupra amforelor romane şi romano-bizantine din Dobrogea.” Peuce 8: 291–327.

Opait, A. 1987. “Amfore romane de mare capacitate. Consideraţii tipologice.” Dacia 38: 245–258.

Opait, A. 2004a. Local and Imported Ceramics in the Roman Province of Scythia (4th-6th centuries AD). BAR-International Series 1274. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Opait, A. 2004b. “The Eastern Mediterranean Amphorae in the Province of Scythia.” Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, Eds. J. Eiring ve J. Lund, 293-308. Acts of the International colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26–29, 2002, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 5. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Opait, A. 2007. “From DR 24 to LR 2 ?.” LRCW 2 Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry, Eds. M. Bonifay ve J.C. Tréglia, 627-643. BAR-International Series 1662. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Opait, A. 2010. “On The Origin of Carthage LR Amphora 1.” LRCW 3, Archaeology and Archaeometry. Comparision between Western and Eastern Mediterranean, Eds. S. Menchelli, S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci and G. Guiducci, 1015-1022. BAR-International Series 2185 (II). Oxford: Archaeopress.

Opait, A. 2018. “Local and Imported Wine at Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia.” RCRFActa 45: 701-713.

Opait, A., Davis, D., Brennan, M. L., ve Kofahl, M. 2019. “The Sinop F Shipwreck in the Black Sea: An International Cargo From Late Antiquity.” International Symposium on Sinope and Black Sea Archaeology, Ancient Sinope and Black Sea, Eds. H. Kaba, G. Kan Şahin, B. M. Akarsu, O. Bozoğlan, 77-89. Sinop: Şimal Ajans.

Opait, A. ve A. Tsaravopoulos. 2011. “Amphora of Dressel 24 Similis Type in the Central Aegean Area(Chios-Erythrai-Kyme).” BSA 106: 275-323.

Opriş, I.C. ve A. Ratiu. 2016. An Early Byzantine Amphorae Deposit from Capidava.” Journal of Ancient History and Archeology 3(1): 24-42.

Ostrogorsky, G. 1999. Bizans Devleti Tarihi. Çev.: F. Işıltan, 5. Baskı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.

Öncü, Ö.E. ve S. Çömlekçi. 2018. “Yenikapı Kazıları ve Bizans Dönemi Amphora Buluntuları.” XI th Congress AIECM 3 on Medieval and Modern Period Mediterranean Ceramics Proceedings, Eds. D. Karakaya ve T. G. Little, 15-30. Ankara: Dumat Ofset.

Özsait, M. 2000. “İlkçağ Tarihinde Trabzon ve Çevresi.” Trabzon Tarihi Sempozyumu Bildirileri (6-8 Kasım1998 Trabzon), 35-43. Trabzon: Trabzon Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları.

Özyiğit, Ö. 1990. “1988 Yılı Erythrai Sondaj Çalışmaları.” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı XI(I): 125-150.

Palamida, Ch., F.K. Seroglou, M.L. Lawall ve A. Yiannikouri. 2016. “The Emergence of Hellenistic Transport Amphoras: The Example of Rhodes.” Traditions and Innovations Tracking The Development of Pottery from The Late Classical to The Early Imperial Periods Proceedings of The 1st Conference of Iarpothp Berlin, November 2013, 7th – 10th, Eds. S. Japp ve P. Kögler, 135-150. Wien: IARPotHP e.V.

Palazzo, P. 1989. “Le anfore di Apani (Brindisi).” Amphores romaines et histoire économique: dix ans de recherche. Actes du colloque de Sienne (22-24 mai 1986). Collection de l’École Française de Rome 114: 548-553. Rome: École Française de Rome.

Panella, C. 1970. “Anfore.” Ostia II Le terme del Nuotatore: scavo dell ambiente 1. Studi miscellanei 16: 102-156.

Panella, C. 1973. Appunti Su Un Gruppo Di Anfore Della Prima, Media E Tarda Eta Imperiale (Secoli I-V D.C.). Roma: De Luca Editore.

Papuashvili, R. 2009. “Amphorae from the Mouth of the Khobi.” PATABS I. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea: Actes de la Table Ronde internationale de Batoumi et Trabzon, 27−29 Avril 2006, Eds. D. Kassab-Tezgör ve N. Inaishvili, 133-134. Paris: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes.

Peacock, D.P.S. 1984. “The Amphorae: Typology and Chronology.” Excavations at Carthage: The British Mission. The Pottery and Other Ceramic Objects from the Site Vol I,2, Eds. M. G. Fulford ve D. P. S. Peacock, 116-140. Sheffield: British Museum Press.

Peacock, D.P.S. ve D.F. Williams. 1986. Amphorae and the Roman Economy. London: Longman.

Pichot, V. ve A.K. Şenol. 2015. “Amphores de Gaza et résine sur le site de production d’amphores du Haut-Empire d’Akadémie (Maréotide).” BCE 25: 277-289.

Piéri, D. 1998. “Les Importations D’Amphores Orientales En Gaule Meridionale Durant L’Antiquite Tardive Et Le Haut-Moyen Age (IV-VII siecles apres J.-C.) Typologie, cronologie et contenu.” SFECAG, Actes Du Congres D’Istres: 97-106.

Piéri, D. 2005. Le Commerce du vin Oriental, A l’Epoque Byzantine (Ve- VIIe siecles). Le Temoignage des Amphores en Gaule. Beyrouth: Institute Francais du Proche-Orient.

Piéri, D. 2007. “Béryte dans le grand commerce méditerranéen. Production et importation d’amphores dans le Levant protobyzantin (Ve-VIIe s. ap. J.-C.).” Productions et échanges dans la Syrie grecque et romaine (Lyons), Ed. M. Sartre, 297-327. Lyon: Maison de l’orient méditerranéen.

Podossinov, A.V. 2012. “Bithynia, Paphlagonia and Pontus on the Tabula Peutingeriana.” The Black Sea, Paphlagonia, Pontus and Phrygia in Antiquity. Aspects of Archaeology and Ancient History,Ed. G.R.Tsetskhladze, 203-206. BAR-International Series 2432. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Popilian, Gh. 1976. Ceramica Romană din Oltenia. Craiova: Scrisul Românesc.

Rădulescu, A. 1973. “Amfore cu Inscripti de la Edificul Roman cu Mozaic din Tomis.” Pontica 6: 193-207. 

Rădulescu, A. 1976. “Amfore Romane şi Romano-Bizantine din Scythia Minor.” Pontica 9: 99-114.

Rauh, N.K. ve K.W. Slane. 2000. “Possible amphora kiln sites in Western Rough Cilicia.” JRS 13: 319-330. 

Rauh, N.K., M.J. Dillion, C. Dore, R. Rothaus, ve M. Korsholm. 2006. “Viticulture, oleiculture and economic development in Roman Rough Cilicia.” Roman Rough Cilicia, Münster Beiträge fur Antike Handelsgeschichte 25: 49–98.  

Reusch, W. 1970. “Kleine, spitzkonische Amphoren.” SaalbJb 27: 25-63.

Reynolds, P. 2000. “The Beirut Amphora Type, 1st Century BC-7th Century AD: An Outline of Its Formal Development and some Preliminary Observations of Regional Economic Trends.” RCRFActa 36: 387-395.

Reynolds, P. 2005. “Levantine amphorae from Cilicia to Gaza: a typology and analysis of regional production trends from the 1st to the 7th centuries.” LCRW 1, Eds. J.M. Gurt i Esparraguera, J. Buxeda i Garrigos ve M.A. Cau Ontiveros, 563–611. BAR-International Series 1340. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Reynolds, P. 2008. “Linear Typologies and Ceramic Evolution.” Facta 2: 61-87.

Reynolds, P. 2010. “Trade Networks Of The East, 3rd To 7th Centurıes: The View From Beirut (Lebanon) and Butrint (Albania) (Fine Wares, Amphorae and Kitchen Wares).” LRCW 3, Archaeology and Archaeometry. Comparision between western and easternMediterranean, Eds. S. Menchelli, S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci ve G. Guiducci, 89-114. BAR-International Series 2185(II). Oxford: Archaeopress.

Reynolds, P. 2011. “A 7th century pottery deposit from Byzantine Carthago Spartaria (Cartagena, Spain).” LRFW 1. Late Roman Fine Wares. Solving Problems of Typology and Chronology.: A Review of the Evidence, Debate and New Contexts, Eds. M. A. Cau Ontiveros, P. Reynolds ve M. Bonifay, 99-127. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Reynolds, P., S.Y. Waksman, S. Lemaître, H. Curvers, M. Roumié ve B. Nsouli. 2009. “An early Imperial Roman pottery production site in Beirut (BEY 015): chemical analyses and a ceramic typology.” Berytus 51-52: 71-115.

Reynolds, P. ve E. Pavlidis. 2014. “Nikopolis (Epirus Vetus): An Early 7th Century Pottery Assemblage from the Bishop’s House’ (Greece).” LRCW 4, Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean, Archaeology and Archaeometry, Eds. N. Poulou-Papadimitriou, E. Nodarou ve V. Kilikoglou, 451–467. BAR-International Series 2616. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Riley, J.A. 1979. “The Coarse Pottery from Berenice.” Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) II, Ed. J. A. Lyod, 91-467. Libya Antiqua Supplement 5(2). Tripoli: Dept of Antiquities of Libya.

Riley, J.A. 1981. “The Pottery from the Cisterns 1977.1, 1977.2 and 1977.3.” Excavations at Carthage, 1977, Ed. J. H. Humphrey, 85–124. Michigan: Ann Arbor.

Robinson, D.M. 1906. “Ancient Sinope.” AJP (27)2: 125-333.

Robinson, H.R. 1959. Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology. The Athenian Agora, Vol. 5, Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Roebuck, C. 1959. Ionian Trade and Colonisation. New York: Ares Pub.

Romanchuk, A.I., A.V. Sazanov ve L.V. Sedikova. 1995. Amfory iz Kompleksov Vizantiyskogo Khersona. Ekaterinburg: Izdatel’stvo Ural’skogo Universiteta.

Romano, I.B. 1994. “A Hellenistic Deposit from Corinth: Evidence for Interim Period Activity (146-44 B. C.).” Hesperia 63(1): 57-104.

Rose, B.C, B. Tekkök ve R. Körpe. 2007. “Granicus River Valley Survey Project, 2004-2005.” Studia Troica 17: 65-150.

Rose, B.C., B. Tekkök-Karaöz ve S. Heath. 2024. “Ilion Lower City Houses.” Bonn: Habelt.

Rothschild-Boros, M.C. 1981. “The determination of amphora contents.” Archaeology and Italian society: Prehistoric, Roman and Medieval Studies, Eds. G. Barker ve R. Hodges, 79-89. BAR- International Series 121. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Rougé, J. 1966. Recherches sur l’organisation du commerce maritime en Méditerranée sous l’Empire Romain. Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N.

Sazanov, A. 1989. “O Khronologii Bospora Rannevizantiyskogo Vremeni.” Akademin Nauk Osor Sovetskaya Arkheologiya (Otdel’nyy ottisk), 4: 41-60.

Sazanov, A. 1999. “Les Amphores ―LA 1 Carthage dans la Région de la mer Noire, (Typologie et Chronologie: Ve - VIIe s. Apr. J. - C.).” Production et Commerce des Amphores Anciennes en mer Noire, Ed. Y. Garlan, 265-279. Provence: Presses Universitaires de Provence

Sazanov A. 2000. “Keramicheskiye kompleksy Bospora 570-580 gg.” Drevnosti Bospora 3: 221-259.

Sazanov, A. 2007. “Les Amphores Orientales d’Epoque Protobyzantine au Nord de la Mer Noire: Chronologie et Typologie.” LRCW 2 Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry, Eds. M. Bonifay ve J.C. Tréglia, 803-815. BAR-International Series 1662. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Sazanov, A. 2014. “The Deposit of the Ends of the 6th Century AD from Chersonesos (Crimea).” LRCW 4. Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean, Archaeology and archaeometry. The Mediterranean: a Market without Frontiers, Eds. N. Poulou-Papadimitriou, E. Nodarou ve V. Kilikoglou (Eds.), 411-423. BAR-International Series 2616 (I): Oxford: Archaeopress.

Sazanov, A. 2017. “Un ensemble de la fin du VIe siécle. Secteur nord de Chersonése(Crimée).” LRCW 5, Late Roman coarse wares, cooking wares and amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry, Ed. D. Dixneuf, 651-669. Alexandrie: Centre d’Études Alexandrines.

Schöne, R. 1871. “Tituli uasis fictilibus inscripti.” Corpus inscriptionum latinarum (CIL), Ed. K. Zangemeister, IV: 171-172.

Sciarra, B. 1972. “Ricerche in Contrada Apani, Agro di Brindisi.” Recherches sur les amphores Romaines. Actes du Colloque de Rome (4 mars 1971), 29-34. Rome: d’École Française de Rome.

Scorpan, C. 1975. “Ceramica romano-bizantină de la Sacidava.” Pontica 8: 263-313.

Scorpan, C. 1977. “Contribution ă la connaissance de certains types ceramiques romano-byzantins (lVe-VIIe siâcles) dans I’espace istro-pontique.” Dacia 21: 269-297.

Shaptsev, M.S. 2016. “Ekonomicheskiye svyazi varvarskogo naseleniya severozapadnogo Kryma Vo II v. do n.e. - Nachale II v. n.e. Po Amfornoy Tare I Krasnolakovoy Keramike.” Problemy istorii, fi lologii, ku ‘tury, 2: 163–178.

Sherk, R.K. 1955. “The ‘Inermes Province’ of Asia Minor.” AJP 76: 400-414.

Slane, K.W. 1990. The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, The Roman Pottery and Lamps. Corinth Vol. XVIII, II, Princeton: The American School of Classical Studies.

Slattery, D.J.G. 1987. “Urartu and Black Sea Colonies: An Economic Perspective.” Al-Rafiadan VIII: 1-30.

Smokotina A.V. 2015. “The import of LR 1 amphorae into Bosporus.” Per Terram, Per Mare. Seaborne Trade and the Distribution of Roman Amphorae in the Mediterranean, Ed. S. Demesticha, 121-136. Uppsala: Åströms Förlag.

Smokotina A.V. 2016. “Late Roman Amphorae from Tyritake.” RCRFActa 44: 715-724.

Stanescu, R.O. 2018. “Amphorae ex Aegysso. Fragments from Older Excavations.” Peuce XVI: 205-226.

Sucevenau, A. 1982. Histria VI. Les Thermes Romains. Paris: Boccard.

Swan, V.G. 2009. “Dichin (Bulgaria): The Destruction Deposits and the Dating of Black Sea Amphorae in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries A.D.” PATABS I. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea: Actes de la Table Ronde internationale de Batoumi et Trabzon, 27−29 Avril 2006, Eds. D. Kassab-Tezgör ve N. Inaishvili, 107-118. Paris: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes.

Şenol, A.K. 2000. “İskenderiye Kazılarında Ele Geçen Amphoralar Işığında Kentin Roma Dönemi Şarap, Zeytinyağı, Salamura, Balık ve Sos Ticareti.” Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi.

Şenol, A.K. 2003. Marmaris Müzesi Ticari Amphoraları. Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı DÖSİMM Basımevi.

Şenol, A.K. 2009. AETAM’da (Arslan Eyce Tasucu Amphora Müzesi) Bulunan Ticari Amphoralar ve Akdeniz’de Ticaretin İzleri. Silifke: Taşeli Matbaacılık.

Şenol, A.K. 2015. “Smyrna Kazılarında 2007-2011 Yılları Arasında Bulunan Ticari Amphoralar.” Smyrna/İzmir Kazı ve Araştırmaları Çalıştay Bildirileri I: 243-256.

Şenol, A.K. ve G. Cankardeş-Şenol, 2003. “Commercial Ties of Cilicia by Means of Hellenistic and Roman Amphorae.” Olba VII: 119-143.

Talbert, R.J.A. (Ed.) 2000. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Tamer, D. 2022. “Pontos Bölgesi Cıngırt Kayası (Ordu-Fatsa) Yerleşimi Seramik Buluntuları.” Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi.

Tamer, D. ve E. Tamer. 2024. “Syedra Sütunlu Caddedeki Bir İşlikten Geç Roma Dönemine Ait Seramikler.” SRMKA Seramik Araştırmaları Dergisi, (Baskıda).

Tatlıcan, İ., D. Kassab-Tezgör, ve H. Özdaş. 1998. “Sinop’ta Sualtı Çalışmaları.” Müze Kurtarma Kazıları Semineri 9: 335-342.

Tchernia, A. 1986. “Amphores et Textes: Deux Exemples.” Recherches sur les Amphores Grecques Supplement XIII, Eds. J. Y. Empereur ve Y. Garlan, 31-36. Paris: École Française d’Athénes.

Tekkök, B., S. Wallrodt, C. Gündem ve B.C. Rose. 2001. “Two Roman Wells in the Lower City of Ilion. Quadrats C29 and w28.” Studia Troica 11: 343-382.

Tekocak, M. ve L. Zoroğlu. 2013. “Kelenderis’te Bulunan Bir Grup Roma Dönemi Ticari Amphorası ve Düşündürdükleri.” Olba XXI: 109-140.

Tiurin, M., A.F Lippenko ve I. Makaev. 2020. “Sredizemnomorskiy Pozdneellinisticheskiy Amfornyy Import V Nizhnem Techenii R. Bel’bek.” Istoricheskiye, Kul’turnyye, Mezhnatsional’nyye, Religıoznyye I Politıcheskiye Svyazi Kryma So Sredizemnomorskim Regionom I Stranami Vostoka. IV mezhdunarodnaya nauchnaya konferentsiya (Sevastopol, 6-10 oktyabrya 2020 g.), Ed. A. D. Vasil’yev, 204-212. Moskva: Materialy Konferentsii.

Tomber, R. ve D. Williams, 1986. “Late Roman Amphorae in Britain - Study Group for Roman Pottery.” Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 1: 43–54.

Tomber, R. ve D. Williams, D. 2000. “Egyptian Amphorae in Britain and the Western Provinces.” Britannia 31: 41-54.

Tomlin, R.S.O. 1992. “The Roman “carrot” amphora and its Egyptian provenance.” JEA 78: 307-312.

Topoleanu, F. 2000. Ceramica Romană şi Romano-Bizantină de la Halmyris (sec. I VII d.Ch.). Romanian: Tulcea.

Tsaravopoulos, A.N. 1986. “H archaia polei teis Chiou.” Horos 4: 124-44.

Tuna, N., J.Y. Emperur, M. Picon ve E. Doğer. 1987. “Rapport préliminaire de la prospection archéologique turco- française des ateliers d’amphores de Reşadiye-Kiliseyani, sur la péninsule de Datça. (15 juillet-3 août 1986).” Anatolia Antiqua 1: 47-52.

Ushakov, S.V., I.I. Makayev ve Y.V. Strukova. 2010. “Tsisterny I Kolodtsy Antichnogo I Vizantiyskogo Goroda: Konstruktsiya, Kompleksy Nakhodok I Khronologiya (Na Prımere Xcvii Kvartala Severo- Vostochnogo Rayona Khersonesa.” Sugdeyskiy Sbornik, Vyp. IV: 494-511.

Uzhentsev, V.V. 2001. “Kalos Limen v I v.do. n.e. nachale II v.n.e (obshchiy obzor po materialam raskopok 1988-1998 gg.” Pozdniye Skify Kryma: 156-166.

Uzhentsev, V.V. ve V.Y. Yurochkin. 1998. “Amfory s voronkovidnymgorlom iz prichernomor’ya.” Hersonesskiiy Sbornik 9: 100-109.

Van Alfen, P. G. 1996. “New Light on the 7th c. Yassı Ada Shipwreck: Capacities and Standard Sizes of LRA 1 Amphoras.” JRA 9, 189-213.

Van Doorninck F.H. Jr. 1989. “The Cargo Amphoras on the 7th Century Yassı Ada and 11th Century Serçe Limanı Shipwrecks: Two Examples of a Reuse of Byzantine areas Transport Jars.” BCH Suppl. XVIII: 247-257.

Vipard, P. 1995. “Les amphores carottes (forme Schone-Mau XV). État de la question.” SFECAG: Société Française de l’Ėtude de la Céramique Antique de la Gaule: 51-77.

Vlasov V., A. Smokotina ve I. Khrapunov. 2011. “Kul’turnyy sloy na mogil’nike Neyzats.” Issledovaniya mogil’nika Neyzats. Sbornik nauchnykh statey: 179-249.

Vlasov, V., A. Smokotina ve I. Khrapunov. 2013. “The Cultural Layer Overlying the Cemetery of Neyzats.” Exploring the Cemetery of Neyzats: Collected Papers, Ed. I. Khrapunov, 191-269. Kristiansand: Dolya Publishing House.

Vnukov, S.Y. 2000. “Psevdokosskiye Amfory Prichernomorya.” Rossiyskaya Arkheologiya 4: 54-63.

Vnukov, S.Y. 2003. Prichernomorskie amfory I v. do n.e. - II v. n.e. (Morfologiya). Moscow: Institut Arkheologii Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk.

Vnukov, S.Y. 2004. “Pan-Roman Amphora Types Produced in the Black Sea Region.” Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, Eds. J. Eiring ve J. Lund, 407-415. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26-29, 2002. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Vnukov, S.Y. 2013a. “Amfory rimskogo vremeni gorodishcha Kara-Tobe.” Drevnosti Bospora, 17: 21-54.

Vnukov, S.Y. 2013b. “Potrebleniye vina pozdnimi skifami Severo-Zapadnogo Kryma.” Eds. N. P. Grintser, M.A. Rusanov, L.Y. Kogan, G.S. Starostin ve N. Yu-Chalisova, 79-86. Moskva: Orientalia et Classica L.

Vnukov, S.Y. 2016. “Pozdneellinisticheskie amfory gorodishcha Kara-Tobe v Krymu.” Drevnosti Bospora 20: 90-121.

Vnukov, S.Y. 2017. “Overseas trade in the Black sea Region and the Formation of the Pontic Market from the First Century BCE to the Third Century CE.” The Northern Black Sea in Antıquity: Networks, Connectivity and Cultural Interactions, Ed. V. Kozlovskaya, 100-138. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Waksman, S.Y., Y. Morozova, S. Zelenko ve M. Çolak. 2014. “Archaeological and Archaeometric Investigations of the Amphorae Cargo of a Late Roman Shipwreck Sunk Near the Cape of Plaka (Crimea, Ukraine).” LRCW 4. Archaeology and Archaeometry, The Mediterranean: a market without frontiers, Eds. N. Poulou Papadimitriou, E. Nodarou ve V. Kilikoglou, 919-929. BAR-International Series 2616 (I): Oxford: Archaeopress.

Ward, C. 2012. “Four Ships of Late Antiquity in the Black Sea.” Sinope. The Results of Fifteen Years of Research. Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Sibera16 (2010), Ed. D. Kassab-Tezgör, 189-198. Leiden: Brill.

Will, E.L. 1970. “Les timbres amphoriques latins.” L’ilôt de la Maison des Comédiens, Eds. P. Bruneau, C. Vatin, U. Bezerra de Meneses, G. Donnay, E. Lévy, A. Bovon, G. Siebert, V. Grace, M. Savvatianou-Pétropoulakou, E. Lyding-Will, T. Hackens, Délos 27: 383-386.

Williams, C. 1989. Anemurium, The Roman and Early Byzantine Pottery. The Excavations at Anemurium in Rough Cilicia. Wetteren: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.

Williams, C. 2005. “Late Roman Amphora 1: a Study of Diversification.” Halicarnassian Studies III, Trade Relations in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Hellenistic Period to Late Antiquity: The Ceramic Evidence, Eds. M.B. Briese ve L.E. Vaag, 157- 168. Denmark: University Press of Southern Denmark.

Wolff, S.R. 2004. “Punic amphoras in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26-29, 2002, Eds. J. Eiring ve J. Lund, 451-547. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Zeest, I.B. 1960. Keramicheskaya tara Bospora, Materialy i issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR 83. Moskva: Book on Demand Ltd.

Zemer, A. 1978. Storage Jars in Ancient Sea Trade. Haifa: National Maritime Museum.

Zervoudaki, H. 1985. “Efori Klasikon Arkhaiotiton Dodekaneson.” ArchDelt 40: 396-406.

Elektronik Kaynaklar:

https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/3*.html) (Sayfa Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2024)

Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire. © 2020 (https://imperium.ahlfeldt.se/) (Sayfa Erişim Tarihi: 28.02.2024)

Tekkök Karaöz, B., B.M. Akarsu, D. Tamer ve E. Tamer 2024. “Sinop Müzesi’nden Bir Grup Roma Amphorası Üzerinden MÖ 1. Yüzyıl - MS 7. Yüzyıl Arası Karadeniz Ticaretine Genel Bir Bakış.” Arkhaia Anatolika 7: 47-90. https://doi.org/10.32949/Arkhaia.2024.65

Paylaş!