Anatolian Doric Architecture: 4th Century BC
Zeliha GİDER BÜYÜKÖZER
Abstract
The temple of Athena at Assos is the only known example in Doric order in Archaic Anatolia. After that, Doric architecture was worked again in the 4th century BC. Particularly with the Ionian Renaissance, which started after the King Peace in 387/6 BC, there is an increase in the number of buildings constructed in the Doric order. The majority of the Doric buildings built in this century were financed by the Carian dynast Mausolus and his successors. In most of these structures, Ionic profiles have been added to the Doric architectural elements, as the Hecatomnids combined the Carian cultural heritage with Anatolian, Greek, and Persian cultures. For this reason, the Anatolian Doric architecture is different from the contemporary structures in the mainland Greece. However, two buildings built in the ancient city of Knidos and Doric buildings in the islands had more influence on mainland Greece.
Building Type
Many authorities on ancient Greek architecture state that during the fourth century the Doric order was in decline, and that by the Hellenistic period it was virtually abandoned in temple architecture. The archaeological evidence, it is argued, seems to bear this out. Doric temples were built during this period. The temple of Demeter at Priene had an in antis plan, and the temple of Apollo Eretimos at Rhodos had an in antis or prostyle plan. It is thought that the temple of Apollo Pythios on Rhodes was planned prostyle plan and the peripteros was added later. The temple of Athena at Pergamon and the Doric Temple at Knidos were peripteral and both of them had opisthodomos but the Temple of Zeus Khrysaoreus at Alabanda lacked an opisthodomos. And in the ‘temple like’ planning of the andrones at Labraunda Ionic columns are combined with Doric entablature for the first time.
The plans of peripteral temples in Mainland Greece have some similarity with contemporaneous Asia Minor architecture. While most of the larger Doric temples in mainland Greece have larger pteromata on the front and back, Ionic temples of the Ionian Renaissance have pteromata of equal size on all four sides, like the Temple of Athena at Pergamon. While other, smaller Doric temples lack an opisthodomos and emphasize the front of the building by a larger hall, the Temple of Athena at Pergamon and the Doric Temple at Knidos have opisthodomoi, as the Late Classical Ionic temples at Labraunda, Priene, and the Artemision at Ephesos. The walls of the cella were not arranged on the axis as the penultimate columns of the peristyle, as was usual in Ionic architecture, but with the outward face of the wall along this axis. The later fifth-century trend toward slenderer columns and wider interaxial spacing also developed further during the fourth century.
In Anatolia, which had no known stoa structure during the 5th century BC, in parallel with the art and architecture developed in the 4th century BC, stoas were beginning to be built. The majority of stoas were I-shaped, one-aisled and single story. Generally, there were rooms behind the porticoes. The function of these rooms varies according to the area of the stoas. L-shaped stoas built at Colophon and Miletus were the first examples of the new stoa type that will develop in the cities with Hippodamian plan in the Hellenistic period. In this type, stoas on three sides of a rectangular open space with a street along the fourth, on the opposite side of which is usually another stoa. The street may run along one of the long sides of the rectangle or along one of its short sides, and the other three sides may be defined by one pi-shaped stoa or two L-shaped ones; these two types of stoa are typical of Hellenistic Ionia. All the stoas of Anatolia have Doric outer colonnades. The inner colonnades of the Delphinion at Miletus, which was the only example of two-aisled stoa, also have in the Doric order. Doric exteriors, with Ionic interiors in the case of two-aisled buildings, were by far the most common design from 5th century until late Hellenistic times in Mainland Greece. However, in the stoa built in the 4th century BC in Anatolia, both colonnades were in the Doric order.
Three of the buildings dated to the 4th century BC were named as “Doric Buildings.” It has been suggested that the Doric Building at Labraunda could have been used as a fountain or a stoa but it proved to be a fountain. It is thought that Doric architectural blocks in Amyzon may belong to the temple, propylon or stoa. These architectural blocks were dated to the second half of the 4th century, based on their stylistic features. The shape and stylistic features of the Doric architectural elements found in the agora at Iasos are similar to the andrones at Labraunda. In the excavations carried out in the agora, a monument dedicated to the Hecatomnid family and the remains of a building were found. This building, which is called as “Maussolleion” in the inscriptions, will be determined as a result of the study if there is a connection between the architectural blocks belonging to Doric Building A at Iasos.
Stylistic Assessment
The 4th century BC is a period when the diversity in the form repertoire of Doric architectural blocks increased. Doric columns generally have canonical “Doric flutes”. There are also column drums with basket-arched cross-section type flat flutes and in which the arrises are prominent. In this century, Doric columns with Ionic flutes were used also for the first time in Anatolia. In some of the buildings, the columns were built in “bossed style” (rustication for decorative). One of the innovations seen in the 4th century BC is the introduction of heart-shaped piers into architecture. Developed as an alternative treatment of the re-entrant angles problem in Doric order, this form first appeared in the Harbor Stoa at Miletus.
The majority of the Doric capitals are in canonical form: abacus is a flat slab forming, echinus is convex curves of which are not very pronounced, annulets are trapezoidal shaped and a neck. In all of the capitals of this century, the echinus is curled inwards at the point where it intertwines with the abacus. In these capitals, the profile of the annulets was worked in the same direction as the echinus profile axis, and the annulets were the continuation of the echinus. The annulets are trapezoidal and there are three or four of them. The necking of the Doric capitals was decorated in four different ways.
Doric architraves consist of a flat taenia, regula and six guttae. The conical shaped guttae were worked in Knidos and the Doric buildings on islands and the cylindrical shaped guttae were worked in Anatolia. For the first time, Doric architrave crowned with astragal and ovolo in the Oikoi Building at Labraunda. Another innovation seen in this century is the soffit carved to the underside of the Doric architraves. The first examples of these soffits, which were seen in the Labraunda buildings, had a rectangular, recessed panel and a flat surface. The proportions of the architraves are in conformity with the contemporary buildings in the mainland Greece and islands.
Doric frieze blocks had a rectangular triglyph and metope taenia, as the canonical Doric frieze. But the metope taenia composed of cyma reversa profile in the andrones at Labraunda and Doric Building A at Iasos and ovolo in the monumental tomb at Labraunda. The triglyph taenia were higher than metope taenia in the 5th century and later. But the metope taenia and triglyph taenia were applied at the same height in the end of the 4th century-beginning of the 3rd century.
Doric friezes were crowned with a cymatium, composed of astragal and ovolo. The adaptation of the ovolo profile, which was an indispensable element of Anatolian Ionic architecture into the Doric frieze was first observed in the Labraunda buildings. The combination of Doric frieze with Ionic profiles was first introduced in the 6th century BC, in the mainland Greece. But in all of the examples in the mainland Greece, the profile was composed of a small plain astragal. However, this combination reached the peak in the Labraunda buildings with the cyma reversa, astragal and ovolo profiles.
In the triglyph-metope blocks, the shaping of the upper end of the glyphs varies. In the majority of the buildings in Anatolia, the upper end of the glyphs is rectangular and the upper lip is cut downwards. This tradition, which began in the Labraunda buildings, soon became the unique style of Anatolian Doric architecture. During this period, glyphs were shaped as flat arches and their upper parts were concave in the Doric buildings of mainland Greece. On the triglyphs of the temple of Athena at Pergamon, the upper end of the glyphs was built in U-shaped. This tradition which began with the Temple of Athena at Assos built in the archaic period in Anatolia continued its existence for centuries.
Once its development was completed, the upper bound of half glyphs decorated with triglyph ears became a part of Doric architecture “the fully developed ears” form first appeared in the Labraunda buildings in Anatolia. There are also open sphere-shaped triglyph ears and open dropshaped triglyph ears. In this period, in the Doric building in mainland Greece, it is seen that the hookshaped end of the upper end of the half-glyphs is extended downwards. However, they have more straight lines compared to the drop-shaped examples from Anatolia.
One of the innovations seen in the Doric frieze blocks in the 4th century BC is the working the architrave and triglyph-metope in the same block. This is a result of the reduction of the dimensions of the entablature parallel with the expansion of the intercolumniation. Because for the first time in this century, three metopes were placed in each axial space in a temple. The four-metope frieze systems were applied in Labraunda, Priene and Miletus.
The increasingly slender and widely spaced Doric columns of the 4th century raised new problems with the elements of the Doric frieze. In archaic and early fifth century Doric, the architrave had been higher than frieze. In the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, the Parthenon and the Hephaisteion at Athens the two elements were equal in height. In the fourth century the height of the frieze continued to increase at the expense of the architrave. Proportion between triglyphs width and the metopes width reach about 1:1,5. By the end of the century, the proportion was decrease to 1:1,43.
Although the Doric geison was used in the majority of the 4th century BC buildings, the Doric buildings in Anatolia started to be ended with Ionic geison. Doric geisa, both raking and horizontal, carry a cyma reversa as a soffit molding. This profile, began to use below the mutules, between it and the fascia in Propylaea at Athens, which from the end of the 5th century, was the regular molding of the geison soffit in both the Doric and the Ionic orders. In Andron B and Andron A at Labraunda and Doric Building A at Iasos no molding decorated the soffit of the geison, so below the mutules came a plain vertical fascia. The unprocessed geison soffit in these examples reflects an old tradition of Doric buildings in the 6th and 5th centuries.
In the geison block of the Labraunda Doric Building, the geison soffit, which is made up of cyma reversa was used in conjunction with plain astragal. Similar ones of this combination, which is quite unusual for Doric geisons, were found in Mylasa and Halicarnassus. In the geison block found during the excavations around the Hekatomnos Monument in Mylasa and the geison block used as a reused material in the Italian Tower of Bodrum Castle, the geison soffit is made up of plain astragal and cyma reversa profile. Two known examples of cyma reversa profile combined with astragal belong to the Ionic architecture. The first of these is the horizontal geisons of the Erechtheion at Athens dating back to 421-406 and the other one is the Ionic geisons of the Naiskos of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, dated to the second half of the 4th century. Three examples of this combination, the use on the Doric geisons of which has stayed unknown until know, were found in Hecatomnid buildings in Anatolia.
In Doric geisons, the mutulus placed in the area between the geison soffit and the drip is also connected to these two parts. It is seen that guttae’s distribution to the mutulus surface began to change in the beginning of the second half of the century. In the early stages, especially in the triple alining, the distance between the guttae rows is 2 times or slightly more than 2 times the diameter of the guttae, it is usually 1,5 times in the 4th century buildings. The degree of slope of the mutuluses varies between 8° and 10°. The width of the viae is about 1:4 of the mutulus width. Towards the end of the century it is seen that the width of the viae was reduced.
The Doric drip consisted of the tip, undercut and fascia, undercut deep, narrow and well curved. The depth of the undercut was considerable, frequently greater than its breadth. The hawksbeak is used as a geison crown. L. T. Shoe said that the chief use of the hawksbeak was for the crowning moulding of the geison of the Doric order, for which it was the regular type from shortly after the middle of the 6th century to the end of the 3rd century. Probably about the middle of the 4th century began the tendency to jog in the lower part of the ovolo and made it into cyma reversa.
The cyma recta used as a sima profiles in all Doric buildings. Type S1 is a vertical type and the lower curve is so slight and the upper curve is strongly projecting outward. Type S2 is a vertical type and the lower curve is projecting outward. Type S3 is a diagonal form and the lower curve so slight it is barely tangent to the diagonal. Sima profiles of the Doric buildings in the 4th century generally Type S2 was preferred. Type S1 worked in two buildings in Anatolia, and type S3 worked in islands.
Evaluation and Conclusion
In the 4th century, the Doric order was preferred in many building types. The majority of these buildings have widely spaced and slenderer columns similar to the Ionic order. This is the result of the reinterpretation of the Doric order of Anatolian architects who are familiar with the symmetry of Ionic architecture.
In the Doric architecture of the 4th century BC, a significant Ionic effect is observed. This is interpreted as a result of the choice of other orders in interior design which started at the end of the 5th century. The architects of the 4th century preferred formal decorations on the exterior of the buildings and they used Ionic ornament especially in anta base and on sima, which are seen in Archaic Period buildings in Western Anatolia. The mixture of Doric and Ionic had taken two forms by R. A. Tomlinson:
A- The use of both Ionic and Doric columns, and perhaps entablature, in one and the same building.
B- The combination of Ionic and Doric elements in a single order.
The applications in Doric buildings in Anatolia show that a third form can be added for the mixed order. Because, as seen in the Labraunda buildings, the Anatolian architects, as well as applying the Ionic and Doric order in the same building, they also added profiles such as astragal, ovolo and cyma reversa which are foreign to this order. Therefore, the application of mixed order in the 4th century BC should be divided into three forms.
1- The use of both Ionic and Doric columns, and perhaps entablature, in one and the same building.
2- The combination of Ionic and Doric elements in a single order.
3- Adding Ionic profiles to Doric architectural elements.
Anatolian Doric architecture is different from mainland Greece since the archaic period. The reason for this is the different interpretation of the Doric order, which was introduced to the lands where the Ionic order was born, by the Anatolian architects. Therefore, the group created by R.A. Tomlinson for mixed order application should be evaluated under three groups; and Doric architectural elements with Ionic profiles included in the second group should be considered as a separate group: addition of Ionic profiles to the Doric architectural elements . During the Hecatomnid period, the Ionic profiles which have a very long history in Anatolia, were added to at least one of the architectural elements in the buildings constructed in the Doric order. In the Labraunda Oikoi Building, the crown profile consisting of astragal and ovolo, which form the architrave crown, is a profile specific to Ionic architraves, and the Anatolian architects were the ones who carried this profile to the Doric architrave. The fact that the metope taenia is formed with cyma reversa profile in triglyph-metope blocks of Andrones are an innovation. Furthermore, in these andrones, the Doric frieze blocks were crowned with the astragal and ovolo, which are specific to the Ionic order, for the first time. Later on, these Ionic profiles became indispensable in the majority of the Doric buildings in Anatolia. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate these samples which are specific to Anatolian Doric architecture in the third group.
The addition of Ionic profiles to Doric architectural elements emerged during the archaic period in western Greece and in mainland Greece. This profiles, seen in the Doric buildings in southern Italy, was studied in the 6th century, where no “canonical Doric order” had yet developed, and then abandoned from the 5th century BC. In some of the 5th century buildings in mainland Greece, after the “canonical Doric order”, plain astragal was added to the upper part of the architrave and Doric frieze blocks and only a certain part of the Parthenon’s friezes this profiles were decorated with bead-and-reel. The use of a crown profile composed of ovolo and astragal in the triglyph-metope blocks of Andron B at Labraunda may be considered as the peak of the prototypes which seen in mainland Greece. This practice, which is limited to a few examples in these buildings, became widespread in Anatolia starting from the 3rd century; this style continued to be used until the Roman period. Thus, triglyph-metope blocks, which are crowned with the Pergamon ovolo, is considered to be a degenerated version of ovolo, is the original style of Anatolian Doric architecture. In the 2nd century BC, the Ionic influences, which were tried from time to time in the Doric architecture from the early stages, reached their peak. In addition to the different profiles crowning the architrave and triglyph-metope frieze, the surface of the Doric architrave has fasciae, and Doric columns were decorated with Ionic flutes. These applications, which are unique to Anatolian Doric architecture, are a unique style that is formed as a result of blending the salient architectural elements of Doric order with the softer aesthetics of Ionic architecture and the foundations of this style were laid in the 4th century.
Ancient Literature
|
Thuk. |
(=Thukydides, Historia) Kullanılan Çeviri: W. H. Forbes, Thucydides. Book I, Oxford, 1895. https://archive.org/details/cu31924086055658/page/n195 |
|
Vitr. |
(=Vitruvius, De Architechtura) Kullanılan Çeviri: Vitruvius, Mimarlık Üzerine On Kitap, (Çev. S. Güven), 1998. |
Modern Literature
|
Agusta-Boularot 2001 |
S. Agusta-Boularot, “Fontaines et fontaines monumentales en Grèce de la conquête romaine à l’époque flavienne: permanence ou renouveau architectural?”, Eds. J. Y. Marc - J. Ch. Moretti. Constructions Publiques et Programmes Édilitaires en Grèce entre le II ͤ siècle av. J.-C. et le I ͤ siècle ap. J.-C. , BCH Supplément 39 (2001), 167-236. |
|
Ateşlier 2001 |
S. Ateşlier, “Observations on an Early Classical Building of the Satrapal Period at Daskyleion”, Ed. T. Bakır. Achaemenid Anatolia. Proceedings of the First İnternational Symposium on Anatolia in the Achaemenid Period (15-18 August 1997, Bandırma), Leiden, 2001, 147-168. |
|
Ateşlier 2014 |
S. Ateşlier, “On the excavations of the Zeus Temple of Alabanda”, Anatolia Antiqua XXII (2014), 247-254. |
|
Ateşlier 2017 |
S. Ateşlier, “Anadolu’da Pers Dönemi Yapıları-Architecture During the Persian Period in Anatolia”, Ed. K. İren – Ç. Karagöz – Ö. Kaser. Persler, Anadolu’da Kudret ve Görkem-The Persians, Power and Glory in Anatolia, İstanbul, 2017, 162-171. |
|
Ateşlier – Akkurnaz 2014 |
S. Ateşlier – S. Akkurnaz, “2011-2012 Yılı Alabanda Kazıları”, 35. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-III (2014), 482-498. |
|
Balty 1981 |
J. Ch. Balty, Guide d’Apamée, Bruxelles, 1981. |
|
Bakır 2003 |
T. Bakır, “Daskyleion (Tyaiy Drayahya) Hellespontine. Phrygia Bölgesi Akhaemenid Satraplığı”, Anadolu / Anatolia 25 (2003), 1-26. |
|
Balcer 1991 |
J. M. Balcer, “The East Greeks under Persian Rule: A Reassessment”, Eds. H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg – A. Kuhrt. Akhaemenid History VI, Asia Minor and Egypt: Old Cultures in a New Empire, Leiden, 1991, 57-65. |
|
Baldoni 2013 |
D. Baldoni, “Lo scavo nel vano centrale dell’edificio tripartito: campagna 2012”, Il Bollettino dell’Associazione Iasos di Caria 19 (2013), 7-10. |
|
Baldoni 2014 |
D. Baldoni, “Culti orientali a Iasos: ipotesi interpretativa di un edificio di età romana”, Eds. L. Karlsson – S. Carlsson – J. Blid Kullberg. ΛΑΒPYΣ. Studies presented to Pontus Hellström, Boreas 35 (2014), 369-385. |
|
Bammer 1972 |
A. Bammer, Die Architektur des jüngeren Artemision von Ephesos, Wiesbaden, 1972. |
|
Bankel 1997 |
H. Bankel, “Knidos. Der hellenistische Rundtempel und sein Altar”, AA (1997), 51-71. |
|
Bankel 2004 |
H. Bankel, “Knidos. Das Triopion. Zur Topographie des Stammesheiligtums der dorischen Hexapolis”, Eds. E. – L. Schwandner – K. Rheidt. Macht Architectur, Architectur der Mach, Mainz am Rhein, 2004, 100-113. |
|
Bankel 2009 |
H. Bankel, “Versatzmarken am Propylon des Heiligtums für Apollon Karneios in Knidos”, Byzas 9 (2009), 1-19. |
|
Baran 2010 |
A. Baran, Hekatomnidler Öncesinde Karia Mimarisi, Ankara, 2010. DOI: 10.1501/ankara-6455 |
|
Barletta 2009 |
B. A. Barletta, “In Defense of the Ionic Frieze of the Parthenon”, AJA 113.4 (2009), 547-568. |
|
Berns 2003 |
C. Berns, Untersuchungen zu den Grabbauten der frühen Kaiserzeit in Kleinasien, Asia Minor Studien 51, 2003. |
|
Berti 2011 |
F. Berti, “L’agora di Iasos alla luce delle più recenti scoperte”, Eds. L. Karlsson – S. Carlsson. Labraunda and Karia, Boreas 32 (2011), 291-305. |
|
Berti 2012 |
F. Berti, “Nuovi dati per le mura urbane di Iasos”, Ed. B. Söğüt, Stratonikeia’dan Lagina’ya, A. A. Tırpan’a Armağan, İstanbul, 2012, 101-114. |
|
Boehringer – Krauss 1937 |
E. Boehringer – F. Krauss, Das Temenos für den Herrscherkult, AvP IX, Berlin, 1937. |
|
Bohn 1885 |
R. Bohn, Das Heiligtum der Athena Polias Nikephoros, AvP II, Berlin, 1885. |
|
Brommer 1979 |
F. Brommer, The Sculptures of the Parthenon: Metopes, Frieze, Pediments, Cult-Statue, London, 1979. |
|
Bruns-Özgan 2002 |
C. Bruns-Özgan, Knidos Antik Kent Rehberi, Konya, 2002. |
|
Büsing 1970 |
H. H. Büsing, Die Griechische Halbsäule, Wiesbaden, 1970. |
|
Carpenter 1970 |
J. R. Carpenter, The Propylon in Greek and Hellenistic Architecture. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Pennsylvania Universitesi. Philadelphia, 1970. |
|
Carstens 2009 |
A. M. Carstens, “Tomb Cult and Tomb Architecture in Karia from the Late Archaic to the Hellenistic Period”, Ed. F. Rumscheid. Die Karer und die Anderen, Bonn, 2009, 377-395. |
|
Charbonneaux 1925 |
J. Charbonneaux, Le Sanctuaire d’Athéna Pronaia: La Tholos, FdD II.4, Paris, 1925. |
|
Clemmensen – Vallois 1925 |
M. B. Clemmensen – E. Vallois, “Le temple de Zeus à Némée”, BSA 49 (1925), 1-20. |
|
Conze – Schazmann 1911 |
A. Conze – P. Schazmann, Mamurt-Kaleh: Ein Tempel der Göttermutter unweit Pergamon, Berlin, 1911. |
|
Cook 1961 |
J. M. Cook, “Some Sites of the Milesian Territory” BSA 56 (1961), 90-101. |
|
Coulton 1964 |
J. J. Coulton, “The Stoa by the Harbour at Perachora”, BSA 59 (1964), 101-131. |
|
Coulton 1966 |
J. J. Coulton, “The Treatment of Re-Entrant Angles”, BSA 61 (1966), 132-146. |
|
Coulton 1968 |
J. J. Coulton, “Stoa at the Amphiaraion, Oropos”, BSA 63 (1968), 147-183. |
|
Coulton 1974 |
J. J. Coulton, “Towards Understanding Doric Design: The Stylobate and Intercolumniations” BSA 69 (1974), 61-86. |
|
Coulton 1976 |
J. J. Coulton, The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa, Oxford, 1976. |
|
Coulton 1977 |
J. J. Coulton, Greek Architects at Work: Problems of Structure and Design, London, 1977. |
|
Courby 1931 |
F. Courby, Les Temples d’Apollon, Délos 12, Paris, 1931. |
|
Crampa 1972 |
J. Crampa, Labraunda 3.2. The Greek Inscriptions, part II, Stockholm, 1972. |
|
de la Genière 1992 |
J. de la Genière, “Le sanctuaire d’Apollon a Claros, découvertes récentes, CRAI 136 (1992), 195-210. |
|
de la Genière 1993 |
J. de la Genière, “Claros 1992: Bilan provisoire des fouilles dans le sanctuaire d’Apollon”, RÉA 95 (1993), 383-392. |
|
de la Genière 1998 |
J. de la Genière, “Claros: Bilan provisoire de dix campagnes de fouilles”, RÉA 100 (1998), 234-256. |
|
Dinsmoor 1910 |
W. B. Dinsmoor, “The Choragic Monument of Nicias”, AJA 14.4 (1910), 459-484. |
|
Dinsmoor 1950 |
W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece, London, 1950. |
|
Dinsmoor 1982 |
W. B. Dinsmoor, “Anchoring Two Floating Temples”, Hesperia 51.4 (1982), 410-452. |
|
Doruk 1978 |
S. Doruk, Anadolu’da Hellenistik Dönem Stoaları. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1978. |
|
Dugas et al. 1924 |
C. Dugas – J. Berchmans – M. Clemmensen, Le sanctuaire d’Aléa Athéna a Tégée au IVͤ siècle, Paris, 1924. |
|
Dunkley 1935/36 |
B. Dunkley, “Greek Fountain-Buildings before 300 B.C.”, BSA 36 (1935/36), 142-204. |
|
Dyer 1906 |
L. Dyer, “Details of the Olympian Treasuries”, JHS 26 (1906), 46-83. |
|
Dyggve 1960a |
E. Dyggve, Le Sanctuaire d’Athana Lindia et l’architecture Lindienne, Lindos III.1. Fouilles de l’Acropole 1902-1914 et 1952, Berlin, 1960. |
|
Dyggve 1960b |
E. Dyggve, Le Sanctuaire d’Athana Lindia et l’architecture Lindienne, Lindos III.2. Fouilles de l’Acropole 1902-1914 et 1952, Berlin, 1960. |
|
Ehrhardt 2009 |
W. Ehrhardt, “Hellenistische Heiligtümer und Riten: Die westlichen Sakralbezirke in Knidos als Fallbeispiel”, Eds. A. Matthaei – M. Zimmermann. Stadtbilder im Hellenismus, Berlin, 2009, 93-115. |
|
Erder 1967 |
C. Erder, Hellenistik Devir Anadolu Mimarisinde Kyma Rekta-Kyma Reversa, Ankara, 1967. |
|
Fabiani – Nafissi 2013 |
R. Fabiani – M. Nafissi. “La pubblicazione dei decreti a Iasos: cronologia e topografia”, Eds. D. Baldoni – F. Berti – M. Giuman. Iasos e il suo territorio, Archaeologica 170 (2013), 37-60. |
|
Fabiani 2015a |
R. Fabiani, “Iasos. Eine griechische Polis unter hekatomnidischer Herrschaft”, Eds. E. Winter – K. Zimmermann. Zwischen Satrapen und Dynasten: Kleinasien im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Asia Minor Studien 76 (2015), 49-74. |
|
Fabiani 2015b |
R. Fabiani, “I.Iasos 52 e il culto di Zeus Idrièus”, Studi Classici e Orientali 61.2 (2015), 163-202. |
|
Fedak 1990 |
J. Fedak, Monumental Tombs of the Hellenistic Age: A Study of Selected Tombs from the Pre-Classical to the Early Imperial Era, Toronto, 1990. |
|
Filgis – Radt 1986 |
M. N. Filgis – W. Radt, Die Stadtgrabung I: Das Heroon, AvP XV.1, Berlin, 1986. |
|
Gider 2014 |
Z. Gider, “Doric Capitals with Ionic Cymation in the Light of Examples from Caria Region”, Anodos 11/2011, Trnava, 2014, 139-148. |
|
Gider-Büyüközer 2013 |
Z. Gider-Büyüközer, Karia Bölgesi Dor Mimarisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, 2013. |
|
Gider-Büyüközer 2014 |
Z. Gider-Büyüközer, “Dorik Frizden Bir Detay: Triglif Kulakları”, Olba XXII (2014), 155-188. |
|
Gider-Büyüközer 2018 |
Z. Gider-Büyüközer, “Dorik Geisonlarda Mutulus Plakaları ile Guttaenın Düzenlenişi”, Arkhaia Anatolika 1 (2018), 61-92. DOI: 10.32949/Arkhaia.2018.4 |
|
Gider-Büyüközer 2019 |
Z. Gider-Büyüközer, “Doric Architecture in Anatolia in the Third Century BC: Influences, Interactions and Innovations”, L’Asie Mineure occidentale au IIIᵉ siècle a.C., (11-13 October 2018), Bordeaux (Baskıda). |
|
Glaser 1983 |
F. Glaser, Antike Brunnenbauten (KPHNAI) in Griechenland, Wien, 1983. |
|
Gruben 1966 |
G. Gruben, Die Tempel der Griechen, München, 1966. |
|
Edhem Bey 1905 |
Halil Edhem Bey, “Fouilles d’Alabanda en Carie. Rapport sommaire sur la première campagne”, CRAI 49 (1905), 443-459. |
|
Hartwig 1893 |
P. Hartwig, Die griechischen Meisterschalen der Blüthezeit des strengen rothfigurigen Stiles, Stuttgart, 1893. |
|
Hellström – Karlsson 2005 |
P. Hellström – L. Karlsson, “Labraunda 2003”, 26. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-I, 2005, 75-80. |
|
Hellström – Thieme 1981 |
P. Hellström – T. Thieme, “The Androns at Labraunda. A Preliminary Account of their Architecture”, MedmusB 16 (1981), 58-74. |
|
Hellström 1985a |
P. Hellström, “Dessin d’architecture hécatomnide á Labraunda”, Ed. J.‐F. Bommelaer. Le Dessin d’architecture dans les sociétés antiques. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg (26-28 janvier 1984), Leiden, 1985, 153-165. |
|
Hellström 1985b |
P. Hellström, “Labraunda 1983”, 2. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985), 131-138. |
|
Hellström 1987 |
P. Hellström, “Labraunda 1985”, 4. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı (1987), 157-166. |
|
Hellström 1988 |
P. Hellström, “Mixed orders in Hecatomnid architecture”, The Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Athens, 1988, 70-74. |
|
Hellström 1990 |
P. Hellström, “Hellenistic architecture in the light of Late Classical Labraunda”, Akten des XIII. Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie, Berlin 1988, Mainz am Rhein, 1990, 243-252. |
|
Hellström 1991 |
P. Hellström, “The Architectural layout of Hecatomnid Labraunda”, RA (1991), 297-308. |
|
Hellström 1992 |
P. Hellström, “Labraynda 1990”, 13. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-II (1992), 155-158. |
|
Hellström 1993 |
P. Hellström, “Labraynda 1991”, 14. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-II (1993), 123-131. |
|
Hellström 1994 |
P. Hellström, “Architecture. Characteristic building-types and particularities of style and techniques. Possible implications for Hellenistic Architecture”, Ed. J. Isager. Halicarnassian Studies I: Hekatomnid Caria and the Ionian Renaissance, Odense, 1994, 36-57. |
|
Hellström 1996 |
P. Hellström, “The Andrones at Labraynda. Dining Halls for Protohellenistic Kings”, Basileia. Die Paläste der hellenistischen Könige, Mainz am Rhein, 1996, 164-169. |
|
Hellström 2007 |
P. Hellström, Labraunda: Karya Zeus Labraundos Kutsal Alanı Gezi Rehberi, İstanbul, 2007. |
|
Hellström 2009 |
P. Hellström, “Sacred Architecture and Karian Identity”, Ed. F. Rumscheid. Die Karer und die Anderen, Bonn, 2009, 267-290. |
|
Hellström 2011 |
P. Hellström, “Feasting at Labraunda and the chronology of the Andrones”, Eds.: L. Karlsson – S. Carlsson. Labraunda and Karia, Boreas 32 (2011), 149-157. |
|
Henry 2006 |
O. Henry, “Reflexions sur le propriétaire de la tombe monumentale de Labraunda”, REA 108.2 (2006), 415-432. |
|
Henry 2009 |
O. Henry, Tombes de Carie: Architecture funéraire et culture carienne, VIe – IIe S. Av. J.-C., Rennes, 2009. |
|
Henry 2014 |
O. Henry, “Then whose tomb is that ?”, Eds. L. Karlsson – S. Carlsson – J. Blid Kullberg. ΛΑΒPYΣ. Studies presented to Pontus Hellström, Boreas 35 (2014), 71-85. |
|
Henry 2017a |
O. Henry, “Sanctuaire et pouvoir: nouvelles pistes de réflexion à partir des recherches archéologiques récentes sur le site de Labraunda en Carie (Turquie)”, CRAI (2017), 545-579. |
|
Henry 2017b |
O. Henry, “Hysaldomos’un Oğlu Hekatomnos: Pers Tarihinde Benzersiz bir Kişilik”, Ed. K. İren – Ç. Karaöz – Ö. Kasar. Persler: Anadolu’da Kudret ve Görkem, İstanbul 2017, 350-365. |
|
Henry et al. 2017 |
O. Henry – E. Andersson – J. Blid – Chr. Bost – Ö. Çakmaklı – N. Carless-Unwin – G. Çimen – A. Eyigör – A. Freccero – A. Frejman – Cr. Georgescu – E. Goussard – A. M. Guimier-Sorbets – M. Hauchart – R. Hedlung – N. Lamare – V. Lungu – Fr. Marchand-Beaulieu – A. Sitz – I. Stojanovic – B. Vergnaud, “Labraunda 2017”, Anatolia Antiqua XXVI (2018), 209-320. |
|
Herrmann 1983 |
K. Herrmann, “Zum Dekor dorischer Kapitelle”, Architectura 13 (1983), 1-12. |
|
Hoepfner 1966 |
W. Hoepfner, “Direk Kale. Ein unbekanntes Heiligtum in Kommagene”, IstMitt 16 (1966), 157-177. |
|
Hoepfner 1997 |
W. Hoepfner, “The Architecture of Pergamon”, Eds. R. Dreyfus – E. Schraudolph. Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, vol. 2, San Francisco, 1997, 23-57. |
|
Hoepfner 1999 |
W. Hoepfner, “Zur Gründung und zur Architektur von Rhodos”, Ροδοσ 2.400 Χρονια, 1999, 51-58. |
|
Holland 1944 |
L. B. Holland, “Colophon”, Hesperia 13/2 (1944), 91-171. |
|
Ismaelli 2009 |
T. Ismaelli, Hierapolis di Frigia III: Architettura Dorica a Hierapolis di Frigia, İstanbul, 2009. |
|
Jacopi 1932 |
G. Jacopi, “Il tempio e il teatro di Apollo Eretimio”, Clara Rhodos II (1932), 77-116. |
|
Jenkins 2006 |
I. Jenkins, Greek Architecture and Its Sculpture, London, 2006. |
|
Jenkins 2008 |
I. Jenkins, The Lion of Knidos (British Museum Objects in Focus), London, 2008. |
|
Jeppesen 1958 |
K. Jeppesen, Paradeigmata: Three mid-fourth Century Main Works of Hellenic Architecture, Reconsidered, Aarhus, 1958. |
|
Jones 2000 |
M. W. Jones, “Doric Measure and Architectural Design 1: The Evidence of the Relief from Salamis”, AJA 104.1 (2000), 73-93. |
|
Jones 2001 |
M. Wilson Jones, “Doric Measure and Architectural Design 2: a Modular Reading of the Classical Temple”, AJA 105 (2001), 675-684. |
|
Kalpaxis 1986 |
T. E. Kalpaxis, Hemiteles. Akzidentelle Unfertigkeit und “Bossen-Stil” in der griechischen Baukunst, Mainz am Rhein, 1986. |
|
Karlsson 2013 |
L. Karlsson, “Combining Architectural Orders at Labraunda: a Political Statement”, Ed. O. Henry. 4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian Identity under the Hekatomnids, Varia Anatolica XXVIII (2013), 65-80. |
|
Karousos 1973 |
Chr. Karousos, Rhodos: History, Monuments, Art, Athens, 1973. |
|
Kästner 2011 |
V. Kästner, “Anfänge – Pergamon in vorattalidischer Zeit” Eds. R. Grüßinger – V. Kästner – A. Scholl. Pergamon: Panorama der antiken Metropole, Berlin, 2011, 28-33. |
|
Kawerau – Rehm 1914 |
J. Kawerau – A. Rehm, Das Delphinion in Milet, Milet 1.3, Berlin, 1914. |
|
Knackfuß 1924 |
H. Knackfuß, Der Südmarkt und die benachbarten Bauanlagen, Milet 1.7, Berlin, 1924. |
|
Knell 1971 |
H. Knell, “Eine Beobachtung am Asklepiostempel in Epidauros”, AA 86/2 (1971), 206-210. |
|
Knell 1983 |
H. Knell, “Dorische Ringhallentempel in spat- und nachklassischer Zeit”", JDAI 98 (1983) 203-233. |
|
Koldewey – Puchstein 1899 |
R. Koldewey – O. Puchstein, Die Griechischen Tempel in Unteritalien und Sicilien, Berlin, 1899. |
|
Kraeling 1962 |
C. H. Kraleing, Ptolemais: City of the Libyan Pentapolis, Chicago, 1962. |
|
Krauss – Herbig 1939 |
F. Krauss – R. Herbig, Der korinthisch-dorische Tempel am Forum von Paestum, Denkmäler Antiker Architektur 7, Berlin, 1939. |
|
Krischen 1944 |
F. Krischen, “Löwenmonument und Maussolleion”, RM 59 (1944), 173-181. |
|
Laumonier 1958 |
A. Laumonier, Les cultes indigènes en Carie, Paris, 1958. |
|
Lauter 1983 |
H. Lauter, “Künstliche Unfertigkeit: Hellenistische Bossensäulen”, JdI 98 (1983), 287-310. |
|
Lauter 1986 |
H. Lauter, Die Architektur des Hellenismus, Darmstadt, 1986. |
|
Lehmann – Spitle 1964 |
K. Lehmann – D. Spittle, The Altar Court, Samothrace 4, Princeton, 1964. |
|
Lehmann 1969 |
K. Lehmann, The Hieron, Samothrace 3, Princeton, 1969. |
|
Lippolis 2016 |
E. Lippolis, “Gli scavi dell’acropoli di Rodi e il culto di Apollo e di Halios”, Archeologia Classica 67/II (2016), 111-181. |
|
Livadiotti – Rocco 1996 |
M. Livadiotti – G. Rocco, La presenza Italiana nel Dodecaneso tra il 1912 e il 1948. La ricerca archeologica, la conservazione, le scelte progettuali, Catania, 1996. |
|
Lohmann 2005 |
H. Lohmann, “Melia, das Panionion und der Kult des Poseidon Helikonios”, Neue Forschungen zu Ionien (Ed: E. Schwertheim – E. Winter), Asia Minor Studien 54, 2005, 57-91. |
|
Lohmann 2006 |
H. Lohmann, “Survey of Mykale (Dilek Dağları), 3rd Campaign: The Discovery of the Archaic Panionion”, 23. AST-I (2006), 241-252. |
|
Lohmann 2007 |
H. Lohmann, “The Discovery and Excavation of the Archaic Panionion in the Mycale (Dilek Dağları)”, 28. KST-II (2007), 575-590. |
|
Lohmann 2008 |
H. Lohmann, “Rescue Excavation of the Archaic Panionion in the Mycale (Dilek Dağları): 2nd Campaign”, 29. KST-II (2008), 265-280. |
|
Lohmann vd. 2009 |
H. Lohmann – G. Kalaitzoglou – G. Lüdorf, “Rescue Excavation of the Archaic Panionion in the Mycale (Dilek Dağları): 3rd Campaign 2007”, 30. KST-II (2009), 189-198. |
|
Love 1970 |
I. C. Love, “A Preliminary Report of the Excavations at Knidos, 1969”, AJA 74.2 (1970), 149-155. |
|
Maddoli 2007 |
G. Maddoli, Epigrafi di Iasos. Nuovi supplementi I, Parola del Passato 62 (2007), 193-372. |
|
Maddoli 2010 |
G. Maddoli, “Du nouveau sur les Hékatomnides d'après les inscriptions de Iasos”, Ed. R. Van Bremen – J-M. Carbon. Hellenistic Karia, Bordeaux, 2010, 123-131. |
|
Maiuri 1928 |
A. Maiuri, Rapporto generale sul servizio archeologico a Rodi dal 1912 al 1927, Clara Rhodos I, 1928. |
|
Mansel 1970 |
A. M. Mansel, “1970 Yılı Perge Kazısına Dair Ön Rapor”, TürkArkDerg 19-1 (1970), 169-184. |
|
Martienssen 1956 |
R. D. Martienssen, The Idea of Space in Greek Architecture, London, 1956. |
|
Martin 1951 |
R. Martin, Recherches sur l’agora grecque. Études d’histoire et d’architecture urbaines, Paris, 1951. |
|
Martin 1967 |
R. Martin, “Review of Westholm”, REA 69 (1967), 413-416. |
|
Martin 1978 |
R. Martin, “L’architecture d’époque classique en Asie Mineure”, Ed. E. Akurgal. The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology, Vol. I, Ankara, 1978, 493-505. |
|
Martin 1987 |
R. Martin, Architecture et Urbanisme, Paris, 1987. |
|
Martini 1984 |
W. Martini, Das Gymnasium von Samos, Samos XVI, Bonn, 1984. |
|
Masturzo 2015 |
N. Masturzo, “Il piedistallo del monumento per gli Ecatomnidi”, Studi Classici e Orientali 61.2 (2015), 27-61. |
|
McCredie 1968 |
J. R. McCredie, “Samothrace: Preliminary Report on the Campaigns of 1965-1967”, Hesperia 37.2 (1968), 216-234. |
|
McKenzie 1990 |
J. McKenzi, The Architecture of Petra, New York, 1990. |
|
McKenzie 2007 |
J. McKenzie, The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, London, 2007. |
|
Mertens 1984 |
D. Mertens, Der Tempel von Segesta und die dorische Tempelbaukunst des griechischen Westens in klassischer Zeit, Mainz am Rhein, 1984. |
|
Mertens 1993 |
D. Mertens, Der alte Heratempel in Paestum und die archaische Baukunst in Unteritalien, Mainz am Rhein, 1993. |
|
Miles 1989 |
M. M. Miles, “A Reconstruction of the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous”, Hesperia 58.2 (1989), 135-250. |
|
Miles 2015 |
M. M. Miles, “The Vanishing Double Stoa at Thorikos and its Afterlives”, Ed. M. M. Miles. Autopsy in Athens: Recent Archaeological Research on Athens and Attica, Oxford, 2015, 163-180. |
|
Morales 2000 |
I. C. Morales, “Note sull’architettura templare del IV e III sec. A.C. in Sicilia”, NumAntCl XXIX, 2000, 191-234. |
|
Moretti 2012 |
J.-C. Moretti, “Le temple de l’oracle d’Apollon a Claros”, ed. O. Henry. Archéologies et espaces parcourus. Premières Rencontres d'Archéologie de l’IFEA İstanbul (11-13 Novembre 2010), İstanbul, 2012, 111-128. |
|
Nafissi 2010 |
M. Nafissi, “Hekatomnidler ve Karia”, Ed. F. Berti – R. Fabiani – Z. Kızıltan – M. Nafissi. Gezgin Taşlar. İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzesi’ndeki Iasos Mermerleri, İstanbul, 2010, 99-101. |
|
Nafissi 2015a |
M. Nafissi, “Königliche Ansprüche der Hekatomniden: das neue Monument für die Basileis Kariens aus Iasos”, Eds. E. Winter – K. Zimmermann. Zwischen Satrapen und Dynasten: Kleinasien im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr., Asia Minor Studien 76 (2015), 21-48. |
|
Nafissi 2015b |
M. Nafissi, “Le iscrizioni del monumento per gli Ecatomnidi: edizione e commento storico”, Studi Classici e Orientali 61.2 (2015), 63-99. |
|
Newton 1862 |
C. T. Newton, A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidae, Vol. I-Plates, London, 1862. |
|
Newton 1863 |
C. T. Newton, A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Branchidae, Vol. II, Part II, London, 1863. |
|
Noack 1927 |
F. Noack, Eleusis. Die baugeschichtliche Entwicklung des Heiligtums, Berlin, 1927. |
|
Ohlemutz 1940 |
E. Ohlemutz, Die Kulte und Heiligtümer der Götter in Pergamon, Würzburg, 1940. |
|
Orlandos 1916 |
A. Orlandos, “Ο ναοσ του Απολλωνοσ Πτωου”, ArchDelt 1 (1915), 1916, 94-110. |
|
Ortolani 1997 |
G. Ortolani, “Tradizione e trasgressione nell’ordine dorico in età ellenistica e romana”, Palladio 19 (1997), 19-38. |
|
Pedersen 1994 |
P. Pedersen, “The Ionian Renaissance and some aspects of its origin within the field of architecture and planning”, Ed. J. Isager. Halicarnassian Studies I: Hekatomnid Caria and the Ionian Renaissance, Odense, 1991, 11-32. |
|
Pedersen 2001/02 |
P. Pedersen, “Reflections on the Ionian Renaissance in Greek Architecture and its Historical Background”, Hephaistos 19/20 (2001/02), 97-130. |
|
Pedersen 2004a |
P. Pedersen, “Pergamon and the Ionian Renaissance”, IstMitt 54 (2004), 409-434. |
|
Pedersen 2004b |
P. Pedersen, “Halikarnassos and the Ptolemies II. The Architecture of Hellenistic Halikarnassos”, Eds. S. Isager – P. Pedersen. Halicarnassian Studies IV: The Salmakis Inscription and Hellenisctic Halikarnassos, Odense, 2004, 145-164. |
|
Pedersen 2013 |
P. Pedersen, “The 4th century BC ‘Ionian Renaissance’ and Karian Identity”, Ed. O. Henry. 4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian Identity under the Hekatomnids, Varia Anatolica XXVIII (2013), 33-64. |
|
Pensabene 1993 |
P. Pensabene, Elementi architettonici di Alessandria e di altri siti egiziani, Repertorio d’Arte dell’Egitto Greco-Romano, Serie C, Volume III, Roma, 1993. |
|
Perrot – Chipiez 1898 |
G. Perrot – C. Chipiez, La Grèce de l’épopée la Grèce archaïque (le Temple), Historie de l’Art dans l’antiquité VII, Paris, 1898. |
|
Pollak 1900 |
L. Pollak, Zwei Vasen aus der Werkstatt Hierons, Leipzig, 1900. |
|
Praschniker – Theuer 1979 |
C. Praschniker – M. Theuer, Das Mausoleum von Belevi, Ephesos VI, Wien, 1979. |
|
Prückner 1968 |
H. Prückner, Die lokrischen Tonreliefs, Mainz, 1968. |
|
Robert – Robert 1983 |
J. Robert – L. Robert, Fouilles d’Amyzon en Carie I, Paris, 1983 |
|
Robert 1948 |
L. Robert, “Séance du 29 Octobre”, CRAI (1948), 429-432. |
|
Robert 1949 |
L. Robert, “Séance du 14 Octobre”, CRAI (1949), 303-307. |
|
Robert 1953 |
L. Robert, “Le Sanctuaire d’Artémis a Amyzon”, CRAI (1953), 403-415. |
|
Robertson 1969 |
D. S. Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, Cambridge, 1969. |
|
Rocco 1994 |
G. Rocco, Guida alla lettura delgi ordini architettonici antichi I. Il dorico, Napoli, 1994. |
|
Rocco 2018 |
G. Rocco, “Sacred architecture in Hellenistic Rhodes”, Eds. K. Höghammar – M. Livadiotti. Sacred and civic spaces in the Greek poleis world, Uppsala seminars (15-16 February 2017), Thiasos 7/2 (2018), 7-37. |
|
Roux 1952 |
G. Roux, “La terrasse d’Attale I a Delphes”, BCH 76 (1952), 141-196. |
|
Roux 1961 |
G. Roux, L’Architecture de l’Argolide aux IV et III siècles avant J.-C., Paris, 1961. |
|
Rubensohn 1902 |
O. Rubensohn, “Paros III: Pythion und Asklepieion”, AM 27 (1902), 189-238. |
|
Rumscheid 1994 |
F. Rumscheid, Untersuchungen zur Kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik des Hellenismus I-II, Mainz, 1994. |
|
Rumscheid 1996 |
F. Rumscheid, “Milas 1994”, 13. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı-I (1996), 77-98. |
|
Rumscheid 2000 |
F. Rumscheid, Priene: “Küçük Asya’nın Pompeisi”, İstanbul, 2000. |
|
Rumscheid 2010
|
F. Rumscheid, “Maussolos and the Uzunyuva in Mylasa: An unfinished Proto-Maussolleion at the Heart of a new Urban Center?”, Ed. R. v. Bremen – J.-M. Carbon. Hellenistic Karia. Proceedings of the first International Conference on Hellenistic Karia. Oxford, 29 June-2 June 2006, Bordeaux, 2010, 69-102. |
|
Schalles 1985 |
H. J. Schalles, Untersuchungen zur Kulturpolitik der pergamenischen Herrscher im dritten Jahrhundert von Christus, IstForsch 36, Tübingen, 1985. |
|
Schede 1964 |
M. Schede, Die Ruinen von Priene, Berlin, 1964. |
|
Schindler 2007 |
R. K. Schindler, “Aphrodite and the Colonization of Locri Epizephyrii”, Electronic Antiquity 11.1 (2007), 97-124. https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ElAnt/V11N1/pdf/schindler.pdf |
|
Schober 1935 |
A. Schober, “Der neue Tempel von Samothrake”, Öjh 29 (1935), 1-22. |
|
Schuller 1985 |
M. Schuller, “Die dorische Architektur der Kykladen in spätarchaischer Zeit”, JdI 100 (1985), 319-398. |
|
Schwandner 1985 |
E. L. Schwandner, Der Ältere Porostempel der Aphaia auf Aegina, Denkmäler Antiker Architektur 16, Tübingen, 1985. |
|
Scranton 1946 |
R. L. Scranton, “Interior Design of Greek Temples”, AJA 50, 39-51. |
|
Seaman 2016 |
K. Seaman, “Pergamon and Pergamene Influence”, Eds. M. M. Miles. A Companion to Greek Architecture, Oxford, 2016, 406-423. |
|
Shoe 1936 |
L. T. Shoe, Profiles of Greek Mouldings, Cambridge, 1936. |
|
Shoe 1950 |
L. T. Shoe, “Greek Mouldings of Kos and Rhodes”, Hesperia 19.4 (1950), 338-369. |
|
Stucchi 1975 |
S. Stucchi, Architettura cirenaica, Roma, 1975. |
|
Tarbell 1910 |
F. B. Tarbell, “Architecture on Attic Vases”, AJA 14.4 (1910), 428-433. |
|
Thieme 1989 |
T. Thieme, “Metrology and planning in Hekatomnid Labraunda”, Eds. T. Linders – P. Hellström. Architecture and Society in Hecatomnid Caria, Uppsala, 1989, 77-90. |
|
Todisco 1990 |
L. Todisco, “Teatro e theatra nelle immagini e nell’edilizia monumentale della Magna Grecia”, Ed. G. P. Carratelli. Magna Grecia. Arte e artigianato, Milano, 1990, 103-158. |
|
Tomlinson 1963 |
R. A. Tomlinson, “The Doric Order: Hellenistic Critics and Criticism”, JHS 83 (1963), 133-145. |
|
Tomlinson 2006 |
R. Tomlinson, “Tomb N171 and significance for the history of Cyrene Doric”, Cirenaica: studi, scavi e scoperte I: Nuovi dati da città e territorio, BAR International Series 1488 (2006), 97-103. |
|
Townsend 2004 |
R. F. Townsend, “Classical Sign and Anti Signification in 4th-Century Athenian Architecture”, Hesperia Supplement 33 (2004), 305-326. |
|
Travlos 1971 |
J. Travlos, Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens, London, 1971. |
|
Umholtz 2016 |
G. Umholtz, “The Spread of Greek Architecture: Labraunda”, Eds. M. M. Miles. A Companion to Greek Architecture, Oxford, 2016, 393-405. |
|
Vallet – Villard 1966 |
G. Vallet – F. Villard, Mégara Hyblaea 4 : Le temple du IV siècle, Paris, 1966. |
|
Vallois 1908 |
R. Vallois, “Etude sur les formes architecturales dans les peintures de vases grecs”, RA (1908), 359-390. |
|
Vasdaris 1987 |
C. Vasdaris, Das dorische Kapitell in der hellenistisch-römischen Zeit im östlichen Mittelmeerraum I-II, Wien, 1987. |
|
von Gerkan 1922 |
A. von Gerkan, Der Nordmarkt und der Hafen an der Löwenbucht, Milet 1.3, Berlin, 1922. |
|
von Hesberg 1994 |
H. von Hesberg, Formen privater Repräsentation in der Baukunst des 2. und 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Köln, 1994. |
|
Waywell 1980 |
G. B. Waywell, “Mausolea in South-West Asia Minor”, Yayla 3 (1980), 5-11. |
|
Waywell 1996 |
G. B. Waywell, “The Scylla Monument from Bargylia”, AntP 25 (1996), 75-119. |
|
Waywell 1998 |
G. B. Waywell, “The Lion from the Lion Tomb at Cnidus”, Eds. O. Palagia – W. Coulson. Regional Schools in Hellenistic Sculpture, Oxford, 1998, 235-241. |
|
Webb 1996 |
P. A. Webb, Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture. Figural motifs in Western Anatolia and Aegean Island, London, 1996. |
|
Wescoat 2012 |
B. D. Wescoat, The Temple of Athena at Assos, London, 2012. |
|
Wescoat 2015 |
B. D. Wescoat, “Recalibrating Samothracian Architecture”, Ed. J. Des Courtils. L’architecture monumentale grecque au IIIe siècle a.C., Ausonius Mémoires 40, Bordeaux, 2015, 117-145. |
|
Wiegand – Schrader 1904 |
Th. Wiegand – H. Schrader, Priene, Berlin, 1904. |
|
Willemsen 1959 |
F. Willemsen, Die Löwenkopf-Wasserspeier vom Dach des Zeustempels, OlForsch 4, Berlin, 1959. |
|
Winter 1982 |
F. E. Winter, “Tradition and Innovation in Doric Design IV: The Fourth Century”, AJA 86.3 (1982), 387-400. |
|
Winter 2006 |
F. E. Winter, Studies in Hellenistic Architecture, London, 2006. |
|
Zancani-Montuoro 1938 |
P. Zancani-Montuoro, “Tabelle fittile locrese con scena del culto”, RivIstArch 7 (1938), 205-224. |
Z. Gider-Büyüközer, “Anadolu Dor Mimarisi: MÖ 4. Yüzyıl”, Arkhaia Anatolika 2 (2019), 102-165. DOI: 10.32949/Arkhaia.2019.10