A Portrait from Heracleia Pontica
Ramazan ÖZGAN
Abstract
In this study, a portrait found in Heraclea Pontica and exhibited in Karadeniz Ereğli Museum is discussed. In the inventory record, it is written that the portrait was found in Kayabaşı and it was delivered to the museum by the authorities of Alemdar Primary School in 01.09.1999. The head, which was carved from high-quality white marble, was made separately to be placed on a statue. There are fractures and deficiencies in the portrait.
The hair and beard of the person depicted almost from the front, and especially the wrinkles on the eyebrows, eyes and forehead, show that the person portrayed is of mature age. In addition to the physiognomic appearance of the portrait, the shape of the hair-beard, facial and forehead skin wrinkles show that a person who has lived (privat) is portrayed. Because, the portrait of Heraclea is depicted differently from the ideal appearance of the heads of the gods statues, such as Zeus, Hades and Poseidon. When the portrait is viewed from the front, the left side of the face is wider and more protruding than the right, and this should be related to the display of the sculpture and its main aspect. In other words, the owner of the portrait was probably portrayed as facing slightly to his right and looking to his right.
In order to better understand the style characteristics of the portrait preserved in the Ereğli Museum, it was compared with the contemporary examples, and the parallels and interactions in the Roman portrait art were determined. In this direction, chronologically similar examples of the portrait were examined in detail, the similarities and differences between the Ereğli portrait and its contemporary examples were discussed, and a suggestion was made for the date of the portrait. In addition, the portrait was evaluated in terms of its physiognomic features, and the person it could belong to was tried to be determined.
Andreae, B. (1970). Zur Sarkophagchronologie im 3. Jahrhundert nach Christus. JAC, 13, 83-88.
Bergmann, M. (1977). Studien zum römischen Porträt des 3. Jahrhunderts nach Christus. R. Habelt.
Boysal, Y. (1958). Yunuslar Köyü’nde Bulunan Lahit. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, 8(2), 77-81.
Boysal, Y. (1965). Ein sarkophagus aus Yunuslar, Anadolu Araştırmaları, 101-110.
Ferrari, G. (1966). Il commercio dei sarcofagi asiatici. “L'Érma” di Bretschneider.
Fittschen, K. ve Zanker, P. (1983). Katalog der römischen Porträts in den Capitolinischen Museen und den anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom, Band III. Kaiserinnen- und Prinzessinnenbildnisse, Frauenporträts; Philipp von Zabern.
Fittschen, K. ve Zanker, P. (1985). Katalog der römischen Portrats in den Capitolinischen Museen und den anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom, Band I, Text Kaiser- und Prinzenbildnisse. Philipp von Zabern.
Fittschen, K., Zanker, P. ve Cain P. (2010). Katalog der römischen Portäts in den Capitolinischen Museen und den anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom, Band II. Die Männlichen Privatporträts. Philipp von Zabern.
Fuchs, W. (1959). Die Vorbilder der Neuattischen Reliefs. JdI-EH, 20. Berlin.
Hanfmann, G. M. A. ve Ramage, N. H. (1977). Sculpture from Sardis: the finds through 1975. Harvard University Press.
Hauser, F. (1889). Die Neu Attischen Reliefs. Kessinger Publishing.
Hermann, P. (1993). Inschriften von Sardeis, Chiron, 23, 233-266.
Himmelmann, N. (1973). Typologische Untersuchungen an römischen Sarkophagreliefs des 3. und 4. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. Philipp von Zabern.
İnan, J. ve Rosenbaum, E. (1966). Roman and Early Byzantine Portrait Sculpture in Asia Minor. The Oxford University Press.
İnan, J. ve Rosenbaum, E. (1979). Römische und fruhbyzantinische Portratplastik aus der Türkei: neue Funde. Philipp von Zabern.
İşkan, H. (2002). Zwei Privatporträts aus Patara. Bemerkungen zur Chronologie der Klinenporträts. JdI, 117, 251-282.
Kähler, H. (1958). Rom und seine Welt: Bilder zur Geschichte und Kultur. Bayerischer Schulbuch-Verlag.
Kent, J., Overbeck, B. ve Stylow, A. U. (1973). Die Römische Münze. Hirmer Verlag.
Koch, G. (2009). Klinen-Deckel lokaler Sarkophage in Kleinasien. Adalya, 12, 117-143.
Koch, G. (2010). Sarkophage der römischen Kaiserzeit in der Türkei. Antalya Suna İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü.
Luzon, J. M. (1978). Die neuattischen Rund-Aren in Italica. MM, 19. Kerle Verlag.
Morey, C. R. (1924). The sarcophagus of Claudia Antonia Sabina and the Asiatic sarcophagi. American Society for the Excavation of Sardis.
Özgan, R. (2003). Die kaiserzeitlichen Sarkophage aus Konya und Umgebung. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
Özgan, R. (2004). Ein Saeulensarkophag aus Nikaia (İznik). T. Korkut, H. İşkan ve G. Işın (Ed.) Festschrift für Fahri Işık zum 60. Geburtstag (ss. 549-559). Ege Yayınları.
Özgan, R. (2013). Roma Portre Sanatı I. Ege Yayınları.
Özgan, R. (2015). Roma Portre Sanatı III. Ege Yayınları.
Özgan, R. (2020). Hellenistik Devir Heykeltraşlığı IV: Geç Hellenistik. Aydın Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları.
Özgan, R. ve Altın, A. (2015). Nikaia’dan İkinci Bir Sütunlu Lahit. B. Duman, E. Konakçı ve C. Şimşek (Ed.) Mustafa Büyükkolancı’ya Armağan (ss. 485-504). Ege Yayınları.
Reinsberg, C. (2006). Vita Romana-Sarkophage. Die Sarkophage mit Darstellungen aus dem Menschenleben. Die antiken Sarkophagreliefs I, Teil 3. Mann Verlag.
Sichtermann, H. (1992). Die Mythologischen Sarkophage, Teil 2; Apollon bis Grazien. Gebr. Mann.
Sommer, M. (2004). Die Soldatenkaiser. Darmstadt wbg Academic.
Strocka, V. M. (1968). Zum Neapler Konsulsarkophag. JdI, 83, 221-239.
Strocka, V. M. (2017). Dokimenische Säulensarkophage: Datierung und Deutung. Asia Minor Studien, Band 82. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
Turak, Ö. (2012). An Attic-Type Dionysiac Sarcophagus from Perge. Adalya, 15, 223-245.
Turcan, R. (1966). Les Sarcophages Romains A Représentations Dionysiaques. Essai de chronologie et d'histoire religieuse. E. de Boccard.
von Matt, L. ve Kühner, H. (1964). Die Casaren eine Geschichte der römischen Herrscher in Bild und Wort. Würzburg Echter.
Waelkens, M. (1982). Dokimeion. Die Werkstatt der repräsentativen kleinasiatischen Sarkophage: Chronologie und Typologie ihrer Produktion. Mann.
Wegner, M., Bracker, J. ve Real, W. (1979). Das römische Herrscherbild III, 3: Gordianus III bis Carinus. Gebr. Mann.
Wiegartz, H. (1965). Kleinasiatische Saulensarkophage: Untersuchungen zum Sarkophagtypus und zu den figürlichen Darstellungen. IstForsch Bd. 26. Mann.
Wiggers, W. ve Wegner, M. (1971). Das römische Herrscherbild III, 1: Caracalla, Geta, Plautilla, Macrinus bis Balbinus. Gebr. Mann.
Wixom, W. O. (1967). Early Christian Sculptures in Cleveland. Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 54(3), 67–88.
Zanker, P. ve Ewald, B. C. (2004). Mit Mythen leben: die Bilderwelt der römischen Sarkophage. Hirmer Verlag.
Özgan, R. (2022). Herakleia Pontika’dan Bir Portre. Arkhaia Anatolika, 5, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.32949/Arkhaia.2022.40