Why are there no Neolithic mega-sites in the Anatolian Euphrates basin? A socio-archaeological approach to the marital structure of early farming societies
Cédric BODET
Öz
Orta Anadolu’daki Geç Neolitik mega köylerin ortaya çıkışı ve ortadan kalkması tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Güney Doğu Anadolu’da, karışık-tarım ekonomisinin (ve sosyal karşılığı, Ev içi Üretim Modu) ilk ortaya çıktığı alan olarak, bu büyük tarımsal yerleşimler bilinmedikleri için, daha da şaşırtıcıdır. Bu bilmeceyi ele almak için, arkeolojik verilerin salt okunması, ikna edici açıklamaların dışında kalacaktır. Mutlaka uygun etnolojik analizlerle desteklenen, sosyolojik bir bakış açısı benimsemek gerekir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, ilk önce anlaşılması gereken unsur, çiftçiliğin benimsenmesinin uzun vadede avcı-toplayıcı toplum yapısını derinden değiştirmiş olmasıdır; özellikle, evlilik ittifaklarının, akrabalık grubu içinden çok, dış dünya ile gerçekleştiği düşünülmektedir. İkinci nokta da, bu iç düzenlemenin çok ağır ve yavaş olması nedeniyle, mega-köylerin her yerde eşit görülmemesine yol açmış olabileceğidir.
Yeni üretim moduna verilen sosyal tepki sonunda her yerde evlilik sisteminin açılmasına neden olmuştur. Ancak, bu tepki, tarımın Fırat havzasında olduğu gibi yavaş yavaş bağımsız bir şekilde çıkmasından ya da Orta Anadolu’daki yerel avcı-toplayıcılar tarafından hızlıca benimsenmesinden, belirgin şekilde farklı bir yol izlenmiş görünüyor. İkinci toplulukların sosyal yapısı, tarım başlamasından sonra çok uzun süre durdu: geleneksel karşılıklı evlilik uygulamaları (yerel endogami), insanların köyden ayrılmalarını önlemiş gibi gözüküyor ve aynı zamanda zaman içinde nüfus birikimine yol açmış olabilir (ve kadın kaçırma olayları köylerin bitişik şekline zorlamış olabilir). Öte yandan, başlangıçtan itibaren yerleşik hayatın ve tarımın ortaya çıkmasına tanık olan Fırat toplumlarının, kendilerini Evcil Üretim Moduna ayarlamaları için yüzyılları olmuş; bu evlilik esnekliği, Geç Neolitik Dönem boyunca Kuzey Mezopotamya’ya yavaş yavaş küçük tarım yerleşimlerinin yayılmasını sağlamış ve herhangi belirli bir yerleşimde nüfusun yoğunlaşmasını engellemiş olduğu iddia edilebilir.
Abbo et al. 2010 |
S. Abbo – S. Lev-Yadun – A. Gopher, “Agricultural Origins: centers and non-centers: a near-eastern reappraisal”, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 29 (2010), 317-328. |
Acar 2001 |
E. Acar, “From hut to citadel: the evolution of housing and settlement in Prehistoric Anatolia as changing patterns of space and time”, Eds. J. Brandt – L. Karlsson. From huts to houses, transformations of Ancient Societies, Stockholm, 2001, 11-21. |
Akkermans 1989 |
P. M. M. G. Akkermans, “The Neolithic of the Balikh valley, Northern Syria: a first assessment”, Paléorient 15/1 (1989), 122-134. |
Akkermans 1999 |
P. M. M. G. Akkermans, “Pre-pottery Neolithic B settlement patterns along the Balikh and the Euphrates – Fact or Fiction?”, Eds. G. Del Olmo Lete – J. L. Monterro Fenollos. Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates: Supplementa 15, Barcelona, 1999, 523-531. |
Anvari et al. 2017 |
J. Anvari – J. Brady – I. Franz – G. Naumov – D. Orton – S. Ostaptchouk – E. Stroud – P. T. Willett – E. Rosenstock – P. F. Biehl, “Continuous Change: Venturing into the early Chalcolithic at Çatalhöyük”, Eds. S. R. Steadman – G. McMahon. The Archaeology of Anatolia, vol. II. Recent Discoveries (2015-2016), Oxford, 2017, 6-30. |
Arbuckle – Erek 2012 |
B. S. Arbuckle – C. M. Erek, “Late Epipaleolithic hunters of the central Taurus: Faunal remains from Direkli Cave, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey”. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 22/6 (2012), 694-707. |
Arimura – Suleiman 2015 |
M. Arimura – A. Suleiman, “A cultural unity in Northwestern Syria during the Neolithic Tell Ain Dara III, a PPNB site in the Afrin Valley”, Paléorient 41.2 (2015), 85-99. |
Asouti – Fairbairn 2002 |
E. Asouti – A. Fairbairn, “Subsistence economy in Central Anatolia during the Neolithic: the archaeobotanical evidence”, Eds. F. Gérard – L. Thissen. The Neolithic of Central Anatolia, Istanbul, 2002, 181-192. |
Asouti – Fuller 2012 |
E. Asouti – D. Fuller, “From foraging to farming in the Southern Levant: The development of Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic plant management strategies”, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 21 (2012), 149-162. |
Asouti – Fuller 2013 |
E. Asouti – D. Fuller, “A contextual approach to the Emergence of Agriculture in Southwest Asia: Reconstructing Early Neolithic plant-food production”, Current Anthropology 54/3 (2013), 299-345. |
Asouti 2013 |
E. Asouti, “Evolution, history and the origin of agriculture”, Levant 45.2 (2013), 210-218. |
Aurenche – Kozłowski 1999 |
O. Aurenche – S. K. Kozłowski, La naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient, Paris, 1999. |
Baird 2012 |
D. Baird, “Pınarbaşı. From Epi-Palaeolithic camp-site to sedentarising village in Central Anatolia”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol. 3 Central Turkey, Istanbul, 2012, 181-218. |
Baird et al. 2012 |
D. Baird – A. Fairbairn. – L. Martin – C. Middleton, “The Boncuklu project”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol. 3 Central Turkey, Istanbul, 2012, 219-244. |
Baird et al. 2018 |
D. Baird – A. Fairbairn – E. Jenkins – L. Martin – C. Middleton – J. Pearson – E. Asouti – Y. Edwards – C. Kabukcu – G. Mustafaoğlu – N. Russell – O. Bar-Yosef – G. Jacobsen – X. Wu – A. Baker – S. Elliott, “Agricultural origins on the Anatolian plateau”, PNAS March 2018, 1-10. See also the Supplemental Information Appendix. |
Barnard 2007 |
A. Barnard, “From Mesolithic to Neolithic modes of thought”. Proceedings of the British Academy 144 (2007), 5-19. |
Bellwood – Oxenham 2008 |
P. Bellwood – M. Oxenham, “The expansions of farming societies and the role of Neolithic Demographic Transition”, Eds. J. P. Bocquet-Appel – O. Bar-Yosef, The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its consequences, New York, 2008, 13-34. |
Binford 1983 |
L. Binford, In pursuit of the past: Decoding the Archaeological Record, New York, 1983. |
Bodet 2012 |
C. Bodet, L’apparition de l’élevage en Anatolie: un reflet de la structure économique et sociale du Néolithique d’Asie Antérieure. EUE, Sarrebruck, 2012. |
Bodet 2017 |
C. Bodet, “The Neolithisation of the Northeastern Corner of the Mediterranean”, Eds. E. Kozal – M. Akar – Y. Heffron – Ç. Çilingiroğlu – E. Şerifoğlu – C. Çakırlar – S. Ünlüsoy – E. Jean. Questions and approaches in Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology. Studies in honor of Marie Henriette and Charles Gates, Münster, 2017, 53-75. |
Bodet 2018 |
C. Bodet, “The Neolithic of Cyprus: an isolated reflection of the mainland”, TİNA 10 (2018), 70-89. |
Bogaard et al. 2017 |
A. Bogaard – D. Filipovic – A. Fairbairn – L. Green – E. Stroud – D. Fuller – M. Charles, “Agricultural innovation and resilience in a long-lived early farming community: the 1,500-year sequence at Neolithic to Chalcolithic Çatalhöyük, Central Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies 67 (2017), 1-28. |
Boric 2008 |
D. Boric, “First households and ‘house societies’ in European Prehistory”, Ed. A. Jones. Prehistoric Europe: Theory and Practice, Chichester, 2008, 109-142. |
Bourdieu 1980 |
P. Bourdieu, Le sens pratique, Paris, 1980. |
Caneva 2012 |
I. Caneva, “Yumuktepe”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol. 3 Central Turkey, Istanbul, 2012, 1-29. |
Cauvin – Chataigner 1998 |
M. C. Cauvin – C. Chataigner, “Distribution de l’obsidienne dans les sites archéologiques du Proche et du Moyen Orient”, BAR Int. Series 738: L’obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient, Oxford, 1998, 325-350. |
Çelik 2011 |
B. Çelik, “Şanlıurfa – Yeni Mahalle”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol.2, The Euphrates Basin: Istanbul, 2011, 139-164. |
Childe 1992 |
V. G. Childe, Kendini yaratan İnsan (Man makes himself), Istanbul, 1992. |
Chylenski et al. 2019 |
M. Chyleński – E. Ehler – M. Somel – R. Yaka – M. Krzewińska – M. Dabert – A. Juras – A. Marciniak, “Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal the Absence of Maternal Kinship in the Burials of Çatalhöyük People and Their Genetic Affinities” Genes 2019, 10(3), 207, 1-14. |
Çilingiroğlu et al. 2012 |
A. Çilingiroğlu – Ö. Çevik – Ç.Çilingiroğlu, “Ulucak Höyük. Towards understanding the Early Farming communities of Middle West Anatolia”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol.4, Western Turkey, Istanbul, 2012, 139-175. |
Clastres 1974 |
P. Clastres, La société contre l’état, Paris, 1974. |
Davis 1998 |
M. K. Davis, “Social Differentiation at the Early Village of Çayönü, Turkey”, Eds. G. Arsebük – M. Mellink – W. Schirmer, Light on Top of the Black Hill, Istanbul, 1998, 257-266. |
Duru 1999 |
R. Duru, “The Neolithic of the Lake District”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen. Neolithic in Turkey, Istanbul, 1999, 165-191. |
Duru 2012 |
R. Duru, “The Neolithic of the Lakes Region”. Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol.4, Western Turkey, Istanbul, 2012, 1-65. |
Ensor 2013 |
B. E. Ensor, The Archaeology of Kinship: Advancing Interpretation and Contributions to Theory, Arizona, 2013. |
Erek 2009 |
C. M. Erek, “2007 yılı Direkli Mağarası Kazıları”, 30. KST-I, 2009, 323-346. |
Erim-Özdoğan 2011 |
A. Erim-Özdoğan, “Çayönü”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol. 1, The Tigris Basin: Istanbul, 2011, 185-269. |
Fagan 1994 |
B. M. Fagan, In the Beginning, New York, 1994. |
Fairbairn 2005 |
A. Fairbairn, “A history of agricultural production at Neolithic Çatalhöyük”, World archaeology 37 (2005), 197-210. |
Flannery – Joyce 2012 |
K. Flannery – M. Joyce, The creation of inequality; how our prehistoric ancestors set the stage for monarchy slavery and empires, Cambridge, 2012. |
Forest 1993 |
J. D. Forest, “Çatalhöyük et son décor: pour le déchiffrement d’un code symbolique”, Anatolia Antiqua II (1993), 1-42. |
Forest 1996a |
J. D. Forest, Mésopotamie, l’apparition de l’Etat, VIIe-IIIe millénaires, Paris, 1996. |
Forest 1996b |
J. D. Forest, “Le PPNB de Çayönü et de Nevalı Çori: pour une approche archéo-ethnologique de la néolithisation du Proche-Orient”, Anatolia Antiqua IV (1996), 1-31. |
Forest 2006 |
J. D. Forest, “Le processus de néolithisation proche-oriental”. Syria 83 (2006), 125-138. |
Gebel 2002 |
H. G. K Gebel, “The Neolithic of the Near East. An essay on a ‘Polycentric Evolution’ and other current research problems”, Eds A. Hausleiter – S. Kerner – B Müller-Neuhof. Material Culture and Mental Spheres. Internationales Symposium für Hans J. Nissen, 23.-24. Juni 2000, Berlin, Münster, 2002, 313-324. |
Gerritsen et al. 2008 |
F. Gerritsen – A. De Giorgi – A. Eger – R. Özbal – T. Vorderstrasse, “Settlement and Landscape Transformations in the Amuq Valley, Hatay. A Long-Term Perspective”, Anatolica 34 (2008), 241-314. |
Ghasarian 1996 |
C. Ghasarian, Introduction à l’étude de la parenté, Paris, 1996. |
Gillespie 2000 |
S. D. Gillespie, “Beyond kinship. An introduction”, Eds. R. A. Joyce – S. D. Gillespie. Beyond Kinship. Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies, Philadelphia, 2000, 1–21. |
Girard 1972 |
R. Girard, La violence et le sacré, Paris, 1972. |
Gonzalez-Ruibal 2006 |
A. Gonzalez-Ruibal, “House societies vs. kinship-based societies: an archaeological case from Iron Age Europe”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25 (2006), 144-173. |
Harris 2002 |
D. R. Harris, “Development of the Agro-Pastoral Economy in the Fertile Crescent during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period”, Eds. R. T. J. Cappers – S. Bottema. The Dawn of Farming in the Near East. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 6, Berlin, 2002, 67-83. |
Hauptmann 2011 |
H. Hauptmann, “The Urfa Region”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol. 2, The Euphrates basin: Istanbul, 2011, 85-138. |
Hodder 2012 |
I. Hodder, “Renewed work at Çatalhöyük”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol. 3 Central Turkey, Istanbul, 2012, 245-772. |
Hodder 2016 |
I. Hodder, " More on history houses at Çatalhöyük: A respnse to Carleton et al.", Journal of Archaeological Science 67 (2016), 1-6. |
Hole 2000 |
F. Hole, “Is Size important? Function and hierarchy in Neolithic settlements”, Ed. Kuijt. Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity and differentiation, New York, 2000, 191-209. |
Horejs et al. 2015 |
B. Horejs – B. Milić – F. Ostmann – U. Thanheiser –B. Weninger – A. Galik, “The Aegean in the Early 7th Millennium BC: Maritime Networks and Colonization”, J World Prehist 28 (2015), 289-330. |
Kuijt – Finlayson 2009 |
I. Kuijt – B. Finlayson, “Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan valley”, PNAS 106. 27 (2009), 10966-10970. |
Larsen et al. 2015 |
C. S. Larsen – S. W. Hillson – B. Boz – M. Pilloud – J. Sadvari – S. Agarwal – B. Glencross – P. Beauchesne – J. Pearson – C. Ruff – E. Garofalo – L. Hager – S. Haddow – J. Christopher – C. Knüsel, “Bioarchaeology of Neolithic Çatalhöyük: Lives and Lifestyles of an Early Farming Society in Transition”, J World Prehist 28 (2015), 27-68. |
Le Brun – Daune-Le Brun 2009 |
A. Le Brun – O. Daune-Le Brun, “Khirokitia (Chypre) : la taille et les pulsations de l’établissement néolithique précéramique, nouvelles données”, Paléorient 35/2 (2009), 69-78. |
Lévi-Strauss 1962 |
C. Lévi-Strauss, La pensée sauvage, Paris, 1962. |
Lévi-Strauss 1967 |
C. Lévi-Strauss, Les structures élémentaires de la parenté, Paris, 1967. |
Lévi-Strauss 1979 |
C. Lévi-Strauss, La voie des masques, Paris, 1979. |
Lévi-Strauss 1987 |
C. Lévi-Strauss, Anthropology and myth: Lectures 1951-1982, Oxford, 1987. |
Marcus – Joyce 2012 |
K. Flannery – J. Marcus, The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery and Empire, Harvard, 2012. |
Meillassoux 1991 |
C. Meillassoux, Femmes, greniers et capitaux (2nd ed.), Paris, 1991. |
Mellaart 1967 |
J. Mellaart, Çatalhöyük, a Neolithic Town in Anatolia, London, 1967. |
Mithen 2013 |
S. Mithen, “Foursomes on so on”, London Review of Books 35/7(2013), 1-7. |
Molist 2001 |
M. Molist, “Halula, village néolithique en Syrie du Nord“, Ed. J. Guilaine. Communautés villageoises du Proche-Orient à l’Atlantique. Paris, 2001, 35-50. |
Moore et al. 2000 |
A. M. T. Moore – G. C. Hillman – A. J. Legge, Village on the Euphrates, from Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, Oxford, 2000. |
Müller et al. 2016 |
J. Müller – R. Hofmann – R. Ohlrau: “From Domestic Households to Mega-Structures: Proto-Urbanism?” Eds. J. Müller – K. Rassmann – M. Videiko. Trypillia Mega-Sites and European Prehistory 4100-3400 BCE, London, 2016, 253-268. |
Nishiaki 2016 |
Y. Nishiaki, “Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Hassake)”, Eds. Y. Kanjou – A. Tsuneki, A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites, Oxford, 2016, 69-71. |
Özbaşaran 2012 |
M. Özbaşaran, “Aşıklı”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey, vol. 3: Central Turkey, Istanbul, 2012, 135-158. |
Özbek 2004 |
M. Özbek, Çayönü’nde İnsan, Istanbul, 2004. |
Özdoğan 1999 |
A. Özdoğan, “Çayönü”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen. Neolithic in Turkey, The Cradle of Civilization, Istanbul, 1999, 35-63. |
Pearson et al. 2013 |
J. Pearson – M. Grove – M. Özbek – H. Hongo, “Food and social complexity at Çayönü Tepesi, southeastern Anatolia: Stable isotope evidence of differentiation in diet according to burial practice and sex in the early Neolithic”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32 (2013), 180-189. |
Peters et al. 1999 |
J. Peters – D. Helmer – A. von den Driesch – M. Saña Segui, “Early Animal Husbandry in the Northern Levant”, Paléorient 25/2 (1999), 27-47. |
Peters et al. 2005 |
J. Peters – A. von den Driesch – D. Helmer, “The Upper Euphrates-Tigris Basin: Cradle of Agro-Pastoralism?”, Eds. J. D. Vigne – J. Peters – D. Helmer. The first steps of animal domestication. Proceedings of the 9th International Council of Archaeozoology, Oxford, 2005, 96-124. |
Pilloud – Larsen 2011 |
M. A. Pilloud – C. S. Larsen, “Official and practical kin: Inferring social and community structure from dental phenotype at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey”, American Journal of Physical Antropology 145/40 (2011), 519-530. |
Radcliffe-Brown 1972 |
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, Structure et fonction dans la société primitive, Paris, 1972. |
Rosenberg 2003 |
M. Rosenberg, “The Strength of Numbers: From Villages to Towns in the Aceramic Neolithic of Southwestern Asia”, Eds. M. Özdoğan – H. Hauptmann – N. Başgelen, Köyden Kente, Yakındoǧu’da ilk Yerleşimler vol. 1, Istanbul, 2003, 91-101. |
Rosenberg 2011 |
M. Rosenberg, “Hallan Çemi”. Eds. M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen – P. Kuniholm. The Neolithic in Turkey vol.1 The Tigris Basin, Istanbul, 2011, 61-78. |
Sahlins 1972 |
M. Sahlins, Stone Age economics, New York, 1972. |
Simmons 2000 |
A. H. Simmons, “Villages on the Edge. Regional settlement change and the end of the Levantine Pre-pottery Neolithic”. Ed. I. Kuijt. Life in Neolithic Farming Communities, New York, 2000, 211-230. |
Souvatzi 2017 |
S. Souvatzi, “Kinship and Social Archaeology”, Cross-Cultural Research 51/2 (2017), 172–195. |
Stiner et al. 2014 |
M. C. Stiner – H. Buitenhuis – G. Duru – S. Kuhn – M. Mentzer – N. D. Munro – N. Pöllath – J. Quade – G. Tsartsidou – M. Özbaşaran, “A forager-herder trade-off, from broad-spectrum hunting to sheep management at Aşıklı Höyük, Turkey”, PNAS 111. 23 (2014). 8040-8049. |
Stordeur 2000 |
D. Stordeur, “Jerf el Ahmar et l’émergence du Néolithique au Proche-Orient”, Ed. J. Guilaine. Premiers paysans du monde, Paris, 2000, 33-60. |
Stordeur 2003 |
D. Stordeur, “Symbole et Imaginaire des premières cultures néolithiques du Proche-Orient (Haute et Moyenne vallée de l’Euphrate) ”, Ed. J. Guilaine. Arts et Symboles du Néolithique à la Protohistoire. Paris, 2003, 15-37. |
Stordeur et al. 2010 |
D. Stordeur – D. Helmer – B. Jamous – R. Khawam – M. Molist – G. Willcox, “Le PPNB de Syrie du Sud à travers les découvertes récentes à tell Aswad”, Eds. M. Al-Maqdissi – F. Braemer – J. M. Dentzer. Hauran V La Syrie du sud du Néolithique a l'antiquité tardive, recherches récentes, Actes du colloque de Damas 2007, Vol 1, Beyrouth, 2010, 41-68. |
Testart 1982 |
A. Testart, Les chasseurs-cueilleurs ou l’origine des inégalités, Paris, 1982. |
Testart 1985 |
A. Testart, Le communisme primitif, Paris, 1985. |
Testart 1992 |
A. Testart, “La question de l’évolutionnisme dans l’anthropologie sociale”, Revue française de sociologie 33 (1992), 155-187. |
Testart 2005 |
A. Testart, Eléments de classification des sociétés, Paris, 2005. |
Testart 2012 |
A. Testart, Avant l’histoire. L’évolution des sociétés, de Lascaux à Carnac, Paris, 2012. |
Trigger 1989 |
B. Trigger, A history of Archaeological thought, Cambridge, 1989. |
Walker et al. 2011 |
R. Walker – K. Hill – M. Flinn – R. Ellsworth, “Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices”, PLoS One 6 (4), 2011. |
Watkins 1996 |
T. Watkins, “The origins of the household in North Mesopotamia”, Ed. K. R. Veenhof. Houses and households in ancient Mesopotamia, PIHANS 78, Leiden, 1996, 79-88. |
Watkins 2017 |
T. Watkins, “From Pleistocene to Holocene: the prehistory of SW Asia on evolutionary context”, HPLS 39: 22 (2017), 1-15. |
Willcox – Stordeur 2012 |
G. Willcox – D. Stordeur, “Large-scale cereal processing before domestication during the tenth millennium cal. BC in northern Syria”, Antiquity 86 (2012), 99-114. |
Woodburn 1982 |
J. Woodburn, “Egalitarian societies”, Man 17/3 (1982), 431-451. |
C. Bodet, “Why are there no Neolithic mega-sites in the Anatolian Euphrates basin? A socio-archaeological approach to the marital structure of early farming societies”, Arkhaia Anatolika 2 (2019), 21-51. DOI: 10.32949/Arkhaia.2019.7